The purpose of this article is to make clear the development process of 'the Old Guaranteed System' and the characteristics of the government policies as to the investment in the Indian Railways, from a view of the contrary relations between the expansion of the investment and the protection of the finances of India. Some conclusions are as follows. (1) Lord Dalhousie's minute was the plan for the government policy to construct the trunk lines based on 'the System', and at the same time, included the contradiction inherent in 'the System'. This contradiction, in the 1850's, didn't expand because of the financial stringency of the East India Company and the Dual Governmental System, but by the depression of 1857 and the Mutiny, Select Committee on the Indian Railways (Delays) not only authorized the Guarantee as the permanent system necessary for the investment in the Indian Railways, from the view of the extrication from the depression and the reorganization of the Governmental Structure, but got rid of the limit of the disbursement from the treasury, and so 'the System' was established, its contradiction was to be expanded. (2) The second Derby Conservative Government, according to the recommendation of the Committee, carried out the policy of expanding the investment positively, and so they were required to improve on the method of the guarantee. The second Palmerston Liberal Government limited the construction to the prearranged trunk lines in order to balance the finances of India, but they were forced to construct the lines by the governmental loan, which exposes the limit of the policy in the Indian Railways. As the result, the improvement of 'the System' was practised according to the demands from the Government of India. But the financial burdens were still increasing after improvement policies, because the railway companies had a tendency to acquire only the interest by the over-capitalizations and the British Government tended to protect the railway companies. (3) The third Derby Conservative Government extended the interest contract to the subsidy railway companies, which caused the controversy between the British Government and the Indian about the plan to reform 'the System' radically. The first Disraeli Conservative Government's protective policy for the railway companies and London Capital Market brought the Government of India to have a mind to abolish 'the System'. In March 1869, as the Government of India sent the minute of Lawrence as an ultimatum to the first Gladstone Liberal Government, the latter decided to abolish 'the System' in connection with the trunk lines from a view-point of the Conservation of the Government of India and the financial equilibrium, while admitting to continue 'the System' only as to the branch lines for the railway companies and the investors.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the industrial relations of Hokkaido Coal and Shipping Company (Hokutan) in the inter-war period, and to make clear the details and the meaning in history of the transformation of it from the Showa Crisis on. In the previous studies, the views that the industrial relations kept stability in the period of the Showa Crisis and so the industrial relations was not transformed on and after it, are generally agreed on. In this paper, I intend to offer the different view from them. In 1920's, when coal market conditions were stagnant, the increase of coal production was tried hard, and the rationalization including the improvement of the system of coal mining was carried out in Hokutan. But rationalization was not carried out enough to reform the labor system, so the will to work of miners had an influence upon coal mining still in 1920's. So, in order to strengthen the will to work of miners, the management of Hokutan expressed to them the theory that you could increase your income only as a result of the increase of labor productivity repeatedly through the employee association (Issinkai), and made efforts to content miners by good understanding at the committee of Issinkai, to improve the welfare facilities, and to utilize the devices by miners. As a result of them, the management succeeded in integrating miners to the enterprise, and in stabilizing the industrial relations in the middle of 1920's. When the first popular election was held in 1928, the situation of the industrial relations was changed. It became possible that trade unions approached to miners on the pretext of the election campaign. So, the management of Hokutan which attached importance to counterpolicy on ideology against trade unions enriched educational and moral culture policies, and tried to talk miners to nationalism ideology. In the period of the Showa Crisis, the industrial relations was instable owing to the dismissal of many miners and the worsening of labor conditions. So the management of Hokutan reorganized Issinkai in order to increase the function to integrate miners, and began to emphasize nationalism ideology more than before. Since then, the management of Hokutan made efforts to integrate miners with nationalism ideology, and succeeded in it under the influence of the Manchurian Incident.

抄録全体を表示