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Eiiti KASUYA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
427-431
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Five instances of take-over (a foundress taking over an abandoned nest of conspecifics including immatures) by a Japanese paper wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis were described. All nests which were taken over had eggs, larvae and pupae but no adult workers. In two of the five cases, the original nests of foundresses which took over other nests had eggs and larvae but neither pupae nor adult workers. The new foundresses killed few, if any, immatures laid by the former foundresses. The adaptive significance of the take-over from the viewpoints of foundresses and workers was discussed.
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Hiroo KANNO, Makoto HATTORI, Akio SATO, Sadahiro TATSUKI, Kyoichi UCHI ...
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
432-438
Published: November 25, 1982
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In the rice stem borer moth, Chilo suppressalis WALKER, the practical use of evaporators with Z-11-hexadecenal (Z-11-HDAL), major component of the sex pheromone, and its analogue Z-5-hexadecene (Z-5-HD) for disruption of sex pheromone communication was examined in the paddy field. Polyethylene capillary evaporators with Z-11-HDAL at a release rate of 2.1 mg/ha/hr disrupted more than 90% of the male orientation to a virgin female baited trap when placed 16 m apart, and 70% or more disruption occurred at a 64 m separation distance when the release rate from a laminated evaporator was 9.4 mg/ha/hr. These results further suggested that the disruptive effect of Z-11-HDAL may be raised more by an increasing release rate per unit area even if the evaporators are placed more widely apart. The disruptive effect of Z-5-HD on male orientation was apparently lower than that of Z-11-HDAL.
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Toshihide ICHIKAWA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
439-452
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Male-male competition in Nilaparvata lugens (STAL) was experimentally investigated under laboratory conditions. The males were reared at three different unisexual densities (D1, D2 and D5) for 5 days after emergence before being used in the experiments. Three types of vibration signals (VS) named the calling signal (CS), the pre-aggressive signal (Pre-AS) and the aggressive signal (AS) were detected in the communication between a pair of males in D5. A barrier to visual and tactile stimuli between a pair had no marked influence on the communication through VS. Most single males emitted only CS, irrespective of the adult density. All of the D1 pairs communicated only through CS. The D5 pairs emitted AS more frequently than the D2 pairs. Rejection behavior (RB) by body shake was never observed in the D1 pairs. Distinct aggressive behavior, direct body attack (DBA), was observed only in the D5 pairs. Receptive conspecific females responded to the playback of CS by emitting the invitation signal (IS), but they did not so respond to the playback of Pre-AS and AS.
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Akira HASHIMOTO, Shozaburo KITAOKA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
453-459
Published: November 25, 1982
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White wax secreted by the adult female of Drosicha corpulenta was examined under scanning electron microscope. The dorsal surface this insect body was covered by numerous waxy threads, mostly in coil form and semi-tubular in shape. The wax was comprised of hydrocarbons (18%) and wax esters (82%); there were no unsaturated molecules. The hydrocarbon consisted of straight chain alkanes (70.5%) and 2-methylalkanes (27.6%); the major components were octacosane, 2-methyloctacosane and nonacosane, with a range of carbon numbers from CX
27 to CX
33. The principal wax ester was of chain length CX
52, formed by 1-hexacosanol esterified with hexacosanoic acid.
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Katsuo KANEHISA, Kazuyoshi KAWAZU
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
460-466
Published: November 25, 1982
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Fatty acid components of the defensive secretion in carabid beetles were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Major components so far detected were divided into six groups : (1) formic acid, (2) methacrylic and tiglic acids, (3) methacrylic and α-ethylacrylic acids, (4) 2-Me-propanoic, 2-Me-butanoic and 3-Me-butanoic acids, (5) methacrylic, crotonic, senecioic and tiglic acids, (6) methacrylic, tiglic and 2-hexenoic acids. Each group of major components was accompanied by common minor acid components. There was a large difference in acid quantity but little difference in quality. Their relationships with each other are discussed on the basis of presumed synthetic pathways.
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Hiroshi TANAKA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
467-479
Published: November 25, 1982
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Experiments were caarried out to elucidate crowding effects on Locusta migratoria in Kyoto. Hatchlings were obtained from eggs that had been laid by females caught in the field. The hoppers were subjected to three different densities (1, 2 and 5 per cage). Clear crowding effects were found in some of the 24 characteristics examined, such as hopper coloration, sexual dimorphism, (elytron length)/(posterior femur length) ratio, (posterior femur length)/(maximum width of head) ratio, yellowing of male, adult longevity, number of egg pods per female, number of eggs per pod, viability of eggs, percentage of eggs entering diapause, hatchling weight of the progeny, etc. Although Locusta migratoria has not shown any outbreaks in Kyoto at least in the last hundred years, it has not lost its ability to respond to crowding. The effect of age of the female on her eggs was also examined.
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Kazuo HIRAI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
480-485
Published: November 25, 1982
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The mating behavior of Etiella zinckenella TREITSCHKE was photographed and broken down into its major steps. Some females started to copulate after 22 : 00 on the day after emergence. The number of females calling and copulating were maximum at two days after adult eclosion. A female adopts the calling position, exposing her pheromone gland, with her wings slightly elevating along the dorsal side, and with her abdomen bent out at a ca. 90°angle above the normal body position. A receptive male approaches the female from her rear with vigorous wing futtering and touches her abdomen or wings with his antennae or maxillary palpi. Then the male walks around the female to take a head-to-head position. In an acceptance sequence, the female remains stationary, and allows the male to move forward and to put his head under hers. Then the male extrudes his brush organ and seizes or contacts her maxillary palpi and antenna. While assuming this behavior the male ceases wing vibration and starts to assume a tail-to-tail position. The male covers the female's wings in the final position.
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Masahiko KUWAHARA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
486-493
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The AChE of susceptible and OP-resistant strains of the Kanzawa spider mite was examined for resistance and sensitivity to OPs and carbamates. The selection procedure resulted in almost similar end response levels to OPs and carbamates in the selected strains, and a correlation between the low AChE activity and resistance was observed. In each of the strains the activity was slightly lower toward acetylthiocholine than toward acetylcholine. Homogeneity of sensitivity of the AChE to Ops and carbamates was recognized both in the susceptible and resistant mite. Generally, a good correlation was recognized between in vivo resistance to toxicants and in vitro insensitivity of the AChE to corresponding inhibitors, while no correlation was recognized to malaoxon, indicating the involvement of detoxification in resistance to malathion in resistant mite.
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Kikuo IWABUCHI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
494-500
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Observation and experimental analysis of the mating behavior of Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus were carried out. The mating behavior consists of at least two phases : (1) The flying female approaches the resting male, (2) The male is stimulated by the alighting female and copulates with her. Experimental analysis indicated that in the first phase, the female is attracted by the sex pheromone released by the male.
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Kiyoshi NAKAMURA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
501-506
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Searching behavior of the adult of a ladybeetle, Coccinella septempunctata L., was observed in an experimental arena. After having eaten a prey, the searching path of the beetle became more convoluted, and the beetle tended to stay in the vicinity of the site of the first prey consumption. Slower speed and increased number of turns were responsible for this change of searching path. As a rule, these changes in searching behavior were not maintained more than 70 sec when the beetle could not find any prey. Such switch-over in the searching behavior of the ladybeetle observed in this experiment would be advantageous for the beetle because its preys are mostly living in clusters.
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Toshiaki IKESHOJI, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO, Makoto NAGAI, Shoji KOMOCHI, M ...
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
507-518
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Correlations between the susceptibility levels of 23 onion cultivars to infestation of the onion maggot and various biochemical characteristics of onion seedlings were investigated following Boelen's scheme of the metabolic pathway of S-propenylcysteine sulfoxide by both chemical analysis and bioassay of the metabolites. The onion seedlings of susceptible cultivars gave a larger quantity of propylthio compounds, the oviposition- and maggot-attractants, than those of resistant cultivars, because the alliinase activity was higher in them than in the resistant cultivars. However, the contents of S-propenylcysteine sulfoxide, precursor of the attractants, was rather inversely proportional to the maggot-infestation rates, possibly due to its higher decomposition rate in the susceptible cultivar samples during transportation and storage. The hybrid FX
1 cultivars were more resistant to maggot infestation due to less emanation of the attractants and lower activity of alliinase than their parent cultivars were.
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Eiichi HAYAMIZU
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
519-529
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Aggregation behavior of two aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae, coexisting on cruciferous plants such as cabbage was studied from a comparative viewpoint. The former formed compact aggregations and the latter "spaced-out" aggregations with 1-2 mm between the nearest neighbors. Newborn nymphs of B. brassicae had a strong tendency for contact with their mother, and nymphs of every instar and adult were gregarious, while newborn nymphs of M. persicae tended to settle at a distance of about 2 mm from the mother. Most of the B. brassicae retained contact even at low densities, while few M. persicae were in contact with each other even at high densities, The effects of aggregations of the two aphids on their population dynamics were discussed.
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Hideharu NUMATA, Toshitaka HIDAKA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
530-538
Published: November 25, 1982
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Female adults of Riptortus clavatus THUNBERG grown under a long-day photoperiod (16L8D, 25°C) showed prompt ovarian development and laid eggs. Under a short-day photoperiod (10L14D, 25°C), however, the ovarian development stopped, an adult diapause being induced. The diapause could be terminated for most individuals by a long-day photoperiod when there was no exposure to low temperatures. Photoperiodic sensitivity persisted throughout the adult life and diapause could be reinduced by a short-day photoperiod and reterminated by a long-day photoperiod. The critical daylengths for the termination and for the induction of diapause were between 13 hr and 14 hr at 25°C, although they differed somewhat.
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Tadashi MIYATA, Hiroyuki KAWAI, Tetsuo SAITO
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
539-542
Published: November 25, 1982
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Susceptibilities of three field strains of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., against dichlorvos, prothiophos, phenthoate and fenvalerate were determined, and were compared with those of a susceptible strain. Insecticide solutions were sprayed to third instar larvae with a rotary spray tower. Susceptibilities of three field strains (Aichi, Hyogo and Okinawa) to dichlorvos, prothiophos and phenthoate were lower than those of the susceptible strain. Among three field strains tested here, no resistance to fenvalerate was found.
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Masatoshi NAKAMURA, Yasuhiro HORIE, Eisuke SAKAMOTO
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
543-549
Published: November 25, 1982
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In the present experiment the amount of phosphorus ingested and absorbed by a single larva was determined through the 5th instar, and the fate and distribution of phosphorus were followed during larval-pupal development. The phosphorus content in the feces sharply increased as growth progressed and exceeded that of mulberry leaves in the latter half of the 5th instar. The absorption rate of phosphorus was drastically lowered with growth and was negative at the mature stage. A large amount of phosphorus was excreted in the feces during spinning and in meconium of the adult. On the other hand, phosphorus content was high in newly ecdysized larva and decreased with growth. The amount of phosphorus in the larva was increased in the first half of the instar until it reached a plateau. Silkglands contained 35% of the total phosphorus, the content in the cocoon-shell was slight, but 23 and 30% of the phosphorus in the mature larva were distributed in the eggs and adult body, respectively. The excretion of phosphorus at metamorphosis may be useful for maintenance of homeostasis of phosphorus concentration in the body.
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Juro KOYAMA, YOSHINORI CHIGIRA, Osamu IWAHASHI, Hiroyuki KAKINOHANA, H ...
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
550-558
Published: November 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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In order to estimate the adult population of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, the mark-recapture method was applied in an area of the northern part of Okinawa Island. From the calculations based on a modified JACKSON'S negative method, the density of mature male melon flies in an area with typical vegetations in the northern part of Okinawa Is., a combination of Castanopsis (Shiia) cuspidata forest and Pinus liutchuensis community, was estimated to be 5.5 per ha, at their most abundant season. The total number of the mature male melon flies in Okinawa Is. and adjacent islets at the same season was estimated to be ca. 38, 000, 000, using data obtained by the present study and ICHINOHE et al. (1978) who estimated the density in the southern part of Okinawa Is. as being 622 per ha.
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Hiroyuki KUBA, Juro KOYAMA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
559-568
Published: November 25, 1982
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Sexually mature virgin females of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, were strongly attracted to live mature males. Wing vibration and posterior abdomen beating behaviors of males seemed to be related to pheromone emission. These behaviors of males were elicited as they approaches females. Comparative observations of the temporal aspects of mating behavior among three strains were conducted. Tthe old laboratory strain (OS) and the new laboratory strain (NS) showed a similar temporal pattern in wing vibration behavior and copulation. NS initiated these sexual activities earlier in the day than the wild strain (WS). The progeny of NS (NP) and WS (WP) reared on squash for one generation showed a temporal mating pattern similar to NS and WS, respectively. This fact suggests that the differences in mating behavior pattern between NS and WS are genetically based. The results obtained in comparisons of female response to male pheromone among OS, NS, and WS were very similar to those obtained for mating behavior.
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Toshiaki SHIMIZU, Youzi TAKADA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
569-574
Published: November 25, 1982
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The poor acceptability by albino rats to sweetened powder baits containing norbormide was examined by recording electronically their feeding behavior. Before offering norbormide, rats were divided into two groups based on two feeding patterns, meal eaters and nibblers. These two feeding patterns were changed when norbormide was added to the food. An acute poison, such as norbormide may be more suitable for meal eater rats, especially model-types (M-1 and M-2) rats.
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Jun MITSUHASHI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
575-581
Published: November 25, 1982
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The following insect cell lines could be cultured continuously in the serum-free media; NIAS-PX-58, NIAS-MB-32, NIAS-MaBr-85, NIAS-AeA1-2, NIAS-LeSe-11 and NIH-SaPe-4. These cells could also grow in the media apparently lacking cholesterol. The cells which had been cultured in the serum-free medium, were found to be intolerable to low and ultralow temperature storage.
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Atsushi NUMATA, Kazuko HOKIMOTO, Hideo YAMAGUCHI, Hideyuki NISHIDA, Ki ...
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
582-584
Published: November 25, 1982
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Toichi EBISUNO, Michiaki TAKIMOTO, Naokuni TAKEDA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
584-586
Published: November 25, 1982
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Tadashi TERUYA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
586-589
Published: November 25, 1982
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Masaharu EGUCHI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
589-590
Published: November 25, 1982
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Masaji SUGAYA, Kimihiko SATO
1982 Volume 17 Issue 4 Pages
591-592
Published: November 25, 1982
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