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Nobuhiko SUZUKI, Nobuhiko HOKYO, Keizi KIRITANI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
279-287
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Injury occurrence and compensatory reactions of soybean to feeding of Nezara viridula and Riptortus clavatus were experimentally analyzed in relation to the density, duration of release and period of release of bugs. Severe feeding interference among individuals occurred on large pods, especially in N. viridula. The density effect considerably affected feeding frequency and consequently the total feeding time. On infested plants, seed biomass decreased remarkably, while the biomass of leaves, stems and roots increased with bug density. The total biomass of injured plants was nearly equal to that on control (non-injured) plants. During the early pod growing stage, a compensatory reaction of plants to the feeding of bugs manifested as an increase in pods. Injury levels decreased when bugs were released later in the plant life cycle. The timing of feeding had a sensitive influence on soybean yield.
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Masakazu SHIMADA, Michihiro ISHIHARA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
289-297
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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We studied the seasonal prevalence and the overwintering stage(s) of a wild multivoltine bruchid, Kytorhinus sharpianus, on the host, Sophola flavescens, in Tokyo and Tsukuba. Adult K. sharpianus appeared first on S. flavescens in late April and oviposited on the fresh pods of S. flavescens in mid-June. First-generation adults emerged from early to late August and oviposited until late August. A few second-generation adults emerged form mid-September to mid-October, with most females laying eggs by late October without adult feeding. However, most second-generation larvae did not grow to adulthood in fall, remained at the late final instar during winter, pupated in early April and emerged in late April. The third-generation larvae which hatched in October remained at the first instar during winter and grew to the second instar in late March and to the third instar in early April. A laboratory experiment showed that the late final-instar larvae diapaused at 24°C and 12L-12D, although they grew to adults at 24°C and 16L-8D. These results suggested that K. sharpianus over-winters either at the late final instar in the second generation or at the young instar in the third generation. This species seems to be basically bivoltine in the Kanto district and a few individuals show a trivoltine cycle.
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Kwang Shing CHANG, Tomonori SHIRAISHI, Fusao NAKASUJI, Naotake MORIMOT ...
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
299-306
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Abnormal sex-ratio (SR) condition was found in Gastrolina depressa in natural populations. Average hatchability of egg masses laid by SR and normal (NR) females was 47% and 92%, respectively. The male ratio in progenies was 0.3% in SR type and 48% in NR type. Egg masses laid after 16 days by normal females injected with resuspended pellet of SR ovaries tended to become SR. The SR agent(s) in G. depressa was sensitive only to tetracycline among four antibiotics tested. No SR colonies were found in Hokkaido, Shikoku or Kyusyu. SR colonies have been found in limited areas at a northernmost limit of Fukushima and at a southernmost limit of Gifu, Central Honshu. No SR colonies were found in the Tohoku, Kinki and Chugoku districts in Honshu.
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Masahiro OSAKABE
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
307-312
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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A genetic study of non-specific esterases of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGREGOR), was carried out by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The stained colors indicated that the α-naphthyl acetate (NA) was hydrolyzed more than the β-NA in the faster bands (α-Est), while the β-NA was mainly hydrolyzed in the slower bands (β-Est). The slower bands of α-Est (α-Est1) showed a remarkable polymorphism. The result of genetic analysis demonstrated that α-Est1 consisted of dimeric esterases and that the proteins were ruled by a single locus with two alleles.
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Ei'ichi SHIBATA, Takami ITO, Kiyotaka OKUDA, Satoshi KONDO
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
313-319
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Adult density of the sugi dark borer, Semanotus japonicus LACORDAIRE (Coleoptera: Ceram-bycidae), was investigated in 60 planted Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. DON. stands in Mie, Kyoto, Nara and Osaka Prefectures, central Japan. The percentage of damaged trees increased with stand age up to 22 years. Stands which were 10- to 17-years old or with mean tree diameters of 6 cm to 17 cm yielded the highest numbers of adults.
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Kenzi TAKAMURA, Shigehisa HATAKEYAMA, Hiroaki SHIRAISHI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
321-326
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The abundance of odonate larvae was surveyed in a river system at two upstream stations surrounded by rice fields lacking aerial spraying of pesticides, two midstream stations surrounded by rice fields with and without aerial spraying, and four downstream stations surrounded by sprayed fields. Species diversity and numbers of individuals were much lower at the downstream stations. Pesticide contamination from ground spraying occurred at one upstream station as well as one midstream and all downstream stations. Damage to the odonate larvae was not clearly evident except at one downstream station. Damage by the aerially sprayed insecticides seemed appreciable at the downstream stations. The distribution of odonate larvae in a river may be restricted by pesticide contamination and thus can indicate pesticide contamination.
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Tohru TSUCHIYA, Shozo TAKAHASHI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
327-333
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Interspecific variation of electroantennogram (EAG) activity was compared among six species in the genera Periplaneta and Blatta (P. americana, P. australasiae, P. japonica, P. fuliginosa and B. orientalis). Three synthetic periplanones were used as chemical stimulants. The results of this experiment showed that male antennae of P. americana as well as the other five species responded to all of the stimulants; female antennae, however, showed little response. This indicated that the stimulants reacted with the sex pheromone receptors of each of the species. Furthermore, together with behavioral information of these animals reported by others, structural similarity of the sex pheromones of P. americana and five other species was suggested.
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Yasuhito SHIRAI, Yasuo AIZONO, Teruo IWASAKI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
335-341
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Two monoclonal antibodies specific for ecdysone were established. Mice (strain BALB/c) were immunized with 20-hydroxyecdysone conjugated with human serum albumin and subsequently the spleen cells were fused with murine P3Ul myeloma cells. The immunoglobulin isotypes of these monoclonal antibodies were IgGl. Both antibodies showed the highest cross-reactivity with ecdysone among ecdysteroids tested. Their association constants for ecdysone were 1.3×10
10M
-1 and 0.9×10
10M
-1, respectively. They recognized the differences in chemical groups at position 2 and 20 on the steroid carbonskeletal structure. Radiommunoassay using a monoclonal antibody (2-6D8G) showed that ecdysone in the range of 10 to 300 pg was measurable.
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Yoshitsugu NASU
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
343-346
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Epinotia cineracea NASU, n. sp., which injures Picea abies in the larval stage, is described from Japan. E. densiuncaria KUZNETZOV feeding on P. jezoensis is newly recorded from Japan.
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Yoshikazu ANDO
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
347-355
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Euconocephalus pallidus from the subtropical island of Okinawa, Japan, matured after six nymphal instars. The nymphal duration did not vary with photoperiod in a range from 11L-13D to 15L-9D at 25°C. Adults took about 25 days to start ovipositing in long day conditions (14L-10D and 15L-9D) and more than 60 days in short day conditions (11L-13D to 13L-11D). The adult stage immediately after emergence was the most sensitive to photoperiod, and the pre-oviposition period was also influenced by the photoperiod experienced during the nymphal stage. Female adults transferred from a short day to a long day laid eggs without delay. It seems that the adults of the 1st generation, having grown under long day conditions, avert diapause, while those of the 2nd generation, having experienced short day conditions, enter diapause. Thus, it is likely that E. pallidus has a heterodynamic life cycle controlled by photoperiod in the subtropical region.
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Tadashi GOMI, Makio TAKEDA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
357-363
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Photoperiodic responses for diapause induction and post-embryonic development were investigated in six geographic populations of an introduced insect, Hyphantria cunea DRURY in Japan. Incidences of diapause varied among populations under 14.5L-9.5D at 20°C. Estimates of critical photoperiods fell between 14 hr 23 min and 14 hr 43 min. Those for the northern populations were not critically different from the original population which initially colonized. However, those for the southern trivoltine populations were shorter than those for the northern bivoltine ones. The critical photoperiods were nearly the same within each voltinism region. The period for larvae not destined to diapause was generally shorter than the one for diapause-destined larvae. This tendency was more conspicuous in the trivoltine populations. The non-diapause-destined larval and pupal periods in the trivoltine Kobe population were shorter than those in the bivoltine ones under 16L-8D at 20°C. Under 14L-10D at 20°C, however, the diapause-destined larval period in the Kobe population was not different from the larval periods in all but one bivoltine population. Voltinism, critical photoperiod for diapause induction and developmental period of this species have changed during its 40
year colonization of Japan.
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Keiichi NAGATA, Tetsuo SAITO, Tadashi MIYATA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
365-370
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The R, S-S isomer of fenvalerate, (R, S) α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate, and its optical R, S-R isomer, (R, S) α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (R)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-isovalerate, were compared for their effects on electrical activity of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). The R, S-S isomer caused increase and then decrease in repetitive firing of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This effect appeared earlier as isomer concentration was increased. However, R, S-R isomer caused no effect in the central and peripheral nervous systems even at concentrations up to 1×10
-3M. It was concluded that the difference between the two isomers' effects on the nervous systems was responsible for the difference in insecticidal activity.
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Hirotada FUKUSHIGE
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
371-376
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The in vitro propagation of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was investigated using pine-shoot segments colonized with fungi which associated with nematode-infected and/or healthy pine trees, Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii. With exceptions of Penicillium sp., Verticillium sp. and 1 isolate of Trichoderma spp., all other tested fungi were suitable for nematode production. On the most suitable fungi, Ceratocystis sp., PWN population increased quickly, reached the maximum 4 weeks after inoculation and then decreased slowly. The dispersal third-stage larvae (L
III) appeared 2 weeks after inoculation, reached the maximum level when the total PWN population was also the highest, and remained high during the experimental period. The percentage L
III relative to the total PWN population therefore increased with time. The percentage of L
III was lower on Arthrobotrys sp. and on 2 isolates of Trichoderma spp. than on other tested fungi. The role of these fungi in natural pine stands was discussed with regard to the propagation and survival of PWN.
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Hirotada FUKUSHIGE
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
377-380
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Effects of fungi coexisting with Ceratocystis sp., a suitable food source for the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, were investigated at 20°C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. When Ceratocystis sp. and one of 5 fungal isolates of 4 genera (Trichoderma spp., Penicillium sp., Arthrobotrys sp. and Verticillium sp.) were inoculated simultaneously, PWN propagation was inhibited by all tested fungi, especially by Trichoderma sp. and Arthrobotrys sp. When Ceratocystis sp. was inoculated 1 week before the other fungi, the nematode propagation was somewhat promoted by 2 isolates of Trichoderma spp. and severely inhibited by Arthrobotrys sp.
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Katsumi TOGASHI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
381-386
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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To determine the time of diapause termination of Monochamus alternatus larvae under natural conditions, debarked bolts of Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora inhabited by diapausing larvae within the xylem were transferred from outdoors to constant conditions of 25°C, 90-100% R.H. and 16L-8D between December 15, 1989 and April 18, 1990. The females required longer incubation time than the males to emerge as adults. The mean incubation time for both sexes to adult emergence decreased as the start of incubation was delayed from mid-December through mid-February, and became constant when the incubation was started between mid-February and mid-March. Larval diapause was thus terminated by mid-February. In pine bolts transferred earlier, a small number of yellow larvae survived in pupal chambers even after a 113-144 day incubation. The proportion of such larvae decreased from 12 % to 0% as the start of incubation was delayed.
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Atsushi NAGASE, Sinzo MASAKI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
387-396
Published: August 25, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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At Hirosaki (40.5°N), larvae of Dictyoploca japonica pupate in late June to mid July. Pupae aestivate and adults eclose mainly in September. Under naturally changing thermal conditions in darkness, the pupal duration was negatively correlated with the date of pupation. When pupae were kept at constant temperature, adult eclosion was delayed, and the pupal mortality and variation in pupal duration increased, as temperature rose from 21 to 30°C. When pupae were transferred from a low (16°C) to a high (25°C) temperature, adults eclosed earlier than they did at either constant 16 or 25°C. The reverse transfer (from 25 to 16°C) exerted a delaying effect. High temperature therefore intensified or decelerated the completion of the early phase of pupal diapause compared with low temperature, but the later phase seemed to be completed faster at 25°C than at 16°C. At 29°C pupal development was accelerated by short days and retarded by long days. Both temperature and daylength are probably responsible for timing adult eclosion in autumn.
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Hiroshi KAJITA, I MADE SAMUDRA, Atsushi NAITO
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
397-400
Published: August 25, 1991
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Tohru TSUCHIYA, Shozo TAKAHASHI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
400-403
Published: August 25, 1991
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Takenari INOUE
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
403-406
Published: August 25, 1991
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Takayuki MlZUKUBO, Yukio TOIDA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
406-409
Published: August 25, 1991
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Fumiaki MOCHIZUKI, Tatsuaki SHIBUYA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
409-411
Published: August 25, 1991
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Makoto HATAKOSHI, Yoshinori SHONO, Haruyasu YAMAMOTO, Masachika HIRANO
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
412-414
Published: August 25, 1991
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Keiji TAKASU, Yoshimi HIROSE
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
415-417
Published: August 25, 1991
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Hirofumi WATANABE, Hiroaki NODA
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
418-420
Published: August 25, 1991
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Osamu HIDOH, Jun-Ichi FUKAMI
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
420-422
Published: August 25, 1991
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Keiji YASUDA, Takashi NAITO
1991 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages
422-424
Published: August 25, 1991
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