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Makoto MITOMI, Toshihide ICHIKAWA, Hidetoshi OKAMOTO
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
407-417
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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A vibration-producing organ in adult Nilaoaruata lugens (STAL) was located in the posterior region of the metathorax and the basal two abdominal segments. The largest muscle at the region was a paired dorsal longitudinal one running from the metaphragma to the 2nd tergite. In the male, this muscle is anteriorly attached to the arm of the metaphragma and posteriorly to the tymbal composed of the basal two tergites, and is considered to have the most important function in vibrating the male tymbal. In the female, which has no tymbal, the muscle is attached to the metaphragma without an arm and is thought to produce the vibration of the whole abodomen. In the male 1st abdominal segment, two pairs of large dorsoventral muscles which probably have subsidiary roles in producing the vibration signals were observed. The female has only one pair of smaller corresponding muscles which seem to have no substantial function in producing her vibration signal. Ventral longitudinal muscles running almost vertically from the 1st sternite to the apodemes of the 2nd sternite were observed only in the male and were believed to control unnecessary abdominal movements during his vibration signals.
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Fumio HAYASHI, Masami HASEGAWA, Kazuyoshi MIYASHITA
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
418-421
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Generally, ticks drop from the host animal after engorgement. Timing of this dropping was investigated in the tick Ixodes asanumai parasitic on the lizard Eumeces okadae. As a result, engorged larvae and nymphs dropped at night. Since this lizard has diurnal activity and shelters at night, they are considered t drop in the lizard's burrow. On the contrary, females dropped in the daytime. This suggests they drop on the ground surface when the lizard is basking or foraging, The former from the reason that it is easy for the next stage of thicks after molting to encounter the host lizard, and the latter from that larvae hatched from the egg batch can disperse, are considered to be adaptive, respectively.
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Kazuo HIRAI
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
422-429
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Taking-off and flight period in the migration of P. separata were discussed based upon the laboratory observations. Adult emergence showed its peak within 2 hr after sunset, which suggests that most newly emerged moths are unable to fly until sunset of the next day because of the teneral period. Adults lived for over six days without feeding honey solution, suggesting that they could transmigrate for more than two days by subtracting the preflight and preovipositional periods. Ovary of P. separata was immature at emergenece. Once females fed honey solution, their ovary grew as age passed. Females assumed calling and mated when they had matured eggs on and after day 3. In starvation tests, the copulation day was delayed by starvation from days 1 and 2, but no significant difference in fecundity was found between control and groups starved. Given these results, the incipient incentive to migration of this species would be flight for feeding. Moths taking off on day 1 could migrate farther distance than on the later days, assuming that the females could fly for long periods before copulation.
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Keiko OMATA
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
430-435
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Observations on the development of the parasite Trougus mactator TOSQUINET revealed that the first instar larvae did not develop to the second instar until their host Papilio xuthus L. pupated. To learn the effect of the physiological condition of the host on the development of its parasite, the following experiments were carried out. The parasitized fifth instar larva was ligatured and the development of the parasite was examined. When the abdomen of the ligatured host pupated, the parasite developed to the second instar, but did not if it remained as a larva. When the diapausing host pupa was exposed to a long day photoperiod after pupation, the parasite left the host, while it entered into diapause under a short day condition in the host pupa. These results indicate that the process to the pupation of the host is an important factor in the revival of moulting of the first instar parasite, but the development of the parasite will be further influenced by other factors, possibly phoroperiodic condition.
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Kenjiro KAWASAKI
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
436-442
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The responsiveness of male diamondback moth to its sex pheromone was examined in the laboratory. The responses were observed in a flask after chemicals adsorbed on a piece of filter paper were provided. Male response showed a peak at a dose of 1×10
-3 μg on the filter paper with 1 : 1 mixture of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-hexadecenal. Response decreased when the chemicals were increased to more than 1×10
-3 μg and finally was completely inhibited by 1μg of chemicals; the optimum concentration inducing male sexual behavior was determined. Optimum ratio of the mixture ranged from 8 : 2 to 5 : 5 (acetate : aldehyde) when the amount was fixed at 1×10
-3 μg and no sharp perk was observed.
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Hideharu NUMATA, Toshitaka HIDAKA
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
443-447
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Effects of food on diapause development and post-diapause development were studied in Riptortus clavatus reared under controlled phoroperiodic conditions. Starvation did not affect the diapause development, although the post-diapause ovarian development was suppressed in starved individuals. The suppression of ovarian development was due to the deficiency of juvenile hormone, because a juvenile hormone analogue induced yolk deposition promptly even in starved individuals. It was concluded that food is a major factor in timing the onset of reproduction after adult diapause.
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Yukio ISHIKAWA, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO, Masaaki TSUTSUMI, Yasushi MITSUI
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
448-455
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Acidic fraction of the extract of decomposing onion pulp, which is a potent attractant for the onion and seed-corn flies, Hylemya antiqua and H. Platura, was analyzed by GC-MS and shown to contain acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, n-butyrc, iso-valeric and n-valeric acids. These organic acids, except acetic acid, showed a weak attractancy to the seed-corn fly, but little to the onion fly. Some of the acids showed synergism with 2-phenylethanol. Since n-valeric acid enhanced the attractancy of 2-phenylethanol most significantly and stably, this compound was chosen as a synergist in further studies. Optimum concentrations of 2-phenyl-ethanol and n-valeric acid as a water solution were estimated to be 0.2% and 0.05%, respectively. Comparison of attractancy between decomposing onion pulp and 2-phenylethanol+n-vakeric acid mixture showed that the latter was superior to the former by 1.8 to 5.0 times in capturing onion fly and by 3.7 to 5.7 times in the seed-corn fly. This chemical attractant may be applicable in monitoring the occurrence of Hylemya pests.
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Koichi TANAKA, Tetsuo SAITO
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
456-460
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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A gas chromatographic method for the determination of respiratory quotient was described. The system employed two columns in series, the filled with Porapak Q[○!R] separated CO
2 from air, and the second packed with molecular sieve 5A separated O
2 from N
2. Each gas component was measured with a thermal conductivity detector; slight differences between the concentrations were detected and the reproducibility was good. Effects of the O
2 concentration on the respiration of a wolf spider, Pardosa astrigera (L. KOCH), were investigated. Reduction in the O
2 concentration to 17-18% signifcantly depressed the respiration. The results suggest that the O
2 concentration inside the respiratory chambers should not decrease below this critical value.
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Kiyomitsu ITO
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
461-467
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Starvation longevity of post-hibernating Cletus punctiger adults collected in the field at various times was investigated to determine how these adults tide over the period from June through July when food is in short supply because spring food plants are disappearing and adequate summer food plants are not yet available. Half of the bugs tested survived till mid-June without taking any nourishing food after hibernation. In bugs collected before June, those fed spring food plants longer (the better fed bugs), had greater longevity when starved. To survive the food shortage period, post-hibernating adults seem to accumulate lipid as much as possible by feeding on nourishing spring food plants.
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Eiichi HAYAMIZU
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
468-475
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The effects of aggregation on the growth and fecundity of the aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae, which coexist on cruciferous plants were compared. The body size of B.brassicae increased with the increase of aphids per leaf cage, while that of M.persicae did not. When newborn nymphs of M.Persicae were confined in a small leaf cage to form compact aggregations not usually seen in this species in nature and reared to the adult stage, the body weights and fecundity decreased. This harmful effect of overcrowding was seen on mature leaves more notably than on young leaves. Compact aggregatins of B. brassicae enhanced the growth of both conspecifics and M.Persicae possibly through improvement of nutritional conditions of leaf. The adaptive significance of two aggregation types (the compact aggregation and the loose aggregation) were discussed.
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Koji HORI, Yukiko KONDO, Katsuhisa KURAMOCHI
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
476-482
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The bugs Palomena angulosa MOTSCHULSKY sucked plant sap from the leaf vein and petiole of the potato plant at significantly higher frequency than from the stem. On the leaf, adults tended to take the plant sap from the midrib more willingly than from the lateral vein, whereas nymphs more frequently sucked sap from the lateral vein. It was also observed that the 3rd instar nymphs fed on the flower bud. Twenty-one percent of the bugs fed at the tip (growing) part of the plant. Almost all completed feeding within 30 min, though starvation prolonged their feeding time. Above the feeding point the plant began to wilt 1 to 7 days after the infestation and withered when the attack was severe. Histological observation showed that the insects usually sucked plant sap from the phloem tissue resulting in destruction of the phloem and occasional plugging of neighboring xylem with sheath material.
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Toshio OKU
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
483-490
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The spotted cutworm, Xestia c-nigrum LINNE, from three localities in northern Japan was reared under a long (16L-8D) and a short (8L-16D) day at 18, 23 or 26°C. In general, the larval development in the short day was much delayed, often with extra moults and high mortality before pupation, as compared with that in the long day. This delay of development began at the third larval instar and was followed inhibition of growth and feeding at older instars. This diapause syndrome was more pronounced at lower temperatures. Local differentiation in the intensity of diapause was suggested by comparison of the three stocks.
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Sujin CHANTARASA-ARD, Yoshihiro HIRASHIMA, Jutaro HIRAO
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
491-497
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Anagrus incarnatus, a mymarid egg parasitiod of hemipterous hoppers, strongly attacked eggs of the 3 species of rice planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera and Laodelphax striatellus), showing no preference among these hosts. Additionally, 7 species of other delphacid planthoppers indigenous to wild grasses, and 2 species of cicadellid leafhoppers were also attacked by this parasitoid. Per cent parasitism of Nephotettix cincticeps eggs was lower than that of the others. Thus, A.incarnatus has a rather wide host range, but is mainly specific to delphacid species. This parasitoid is able to attack host eggs of any stage of development, even those containing well developed embryos.
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Norio SEKITA, Kozo KAWASHIMA, Hirosaku AIZU, Shoei SHIRASAKI, Masateru ...
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
498-508
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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A suspension of the granulosis virus of the summer fruit tortrix, Adoxophyes orana fasciata, was sprayed in a manner similar to chemical insecticidal application against the egg stage at a dosage of 4, 000 diseased, full-grown larvae per hectare. The effectiveness of virus application was compared with that obtained by the chemical treatment against hatching larvae. The larval mortalities due to the disseminated virus in the virus treated plots were consistently higher than those due to the naturally persisting virus in the chemical treated plots in all generations. No difference was observed between the two treatments with regards to the intensities of other mortality factors. Incorporating observed parameters of the ratios of the population increase, simple population models for the two treatments were constructed. It is shown that (1) the virus spray becomes more effective than the chemical treatment if the larval density exceeds about one larva per branch in the first generation, (2) if it was lower than one larva per branch, few economical problems will arise through virus application, and (3) low densities in the first generation result in a saw-toothed like fluctuation, while high densities result in a dampened fluctuation towards the third generation, irrespective of the treatments.
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Keizi KIRITANI, Kazuo NOZATO, Shun'ichi MIYAI, Yukinari BAN
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
509-517
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The mark-and-recapture method was adopted to study behavior and population dynamics of the black swallowtail butterflies (BSB), Papilio helenus nicconicolens and P. protenor demetrius in Kodakasa-yama, Kochi City, Shikoku, Japan. The data were analyzed by JOLLY's method.Most of the butterflies captured at small gaps in the forest without nectar or host plants were males who frequently move in and out of these small gaps.The following diferrences were observed between P. helenus and P. protenor. First, the highest incidence of P. protenor in a small gap appeared earlier than P. helenus. Secondly, P. protenor males were more resident at their habitat, and thirdly, higher population levels with a larger fluctuation were observed in P. helenus both seasonally and annually.
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Kimito FURUTA, Shoichi ANDO, Ikuo TAKAHASHI
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
518-519
Published: November 25, 1984
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Hajime IKEMOTO
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
520-521
Published: November 25, 1984
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Shin YAMADA, Shigemi YAGI
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
521-523
Published: November 25, 1984
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Makoto HATAKOSHI, Hirosi KISIDA, Izumi FUJIMOTO, Nobushige ITAYA, Isam ...
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
523-526
Published: November 25, 1984
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Yooichi KAINOH, Takayuki HIYORI, Yasuo NINOMIYA
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
526-528
Published: November 25, 1984
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Toako USUI, Toshiaki SHIMIZU, Jun-ichi FUKAMI, Masatsugu ODA
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
529-531
Published: November 25, 1984
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Virapong NOPPUN, Tadashi MIYATA, Tetsuo SAITO
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
531-533
Published: November 25, 1984
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Koichi SONE
1984 Volume 19 Issue 4 Pages
534-536
Published: November 25, 1984
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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