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Haruhisa WAGO, Hideo KITANO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
103-110
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The effects of the venom from Apanteles glomeratus were examined on the morphology and contractility of cytoplasmic processes of granular cells and plasmatocytes as well as on the melanization of hemolymph of Pieris rapae crucivora, using an in vitro incubation system. In the presence of venom, both granular cells and plasmatocytes were capable of elongation or spreading as well as of retraction of their filopodia or lamellipodia, while retaining their normal surface morphology. This locomotive activity was also shown by plasmatocytes even in the presence of the venom. In addition, the venom had no influence on the melanin formation in the hemolymph. These negative results strongly confirmed that the venom was effective in suppressing the encapsulation reaction only to Apanteles eggs but not to other foreign substances. One possibility why the venom is effective in keeping only these eggs from encapsulation by the host hemocytes will be discussed.
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Toshiro ASAI, Osamu KAJIHARA, Minoru FUKADA, Sadafumi MAEKAWA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
111-117
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The effects of buprofezin on the life span and reproduction of N. lugens were examined by allowing adults of different ages to feed on rice plants treated with the chemical. Irrespective of adult age at the time of inoculation on the treated plants, the number of nymphs of the next generation was decreased to 0-6% of the control by 250 ppm buprofezin and to 0-2% by 1, 000 ppm. The treatment to adults within 24 hr of emergence considerably inhibited oviposition without interrupting ovarian development and shortened the life span of female adults. Although the treatment to older adults did not affect oviposition, it inhibited the embryo development of deposited eggs, which reached the eye pigmentation stage but failed to hatch.
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R.F. HOU, Jiunn-kae CHANG
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
118-125
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Cellular defense response of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, to the white muscardine fungus, Beauveria bassiana, was studied using phase-contrast microscopy, hemogram and histological sectioning. Adherence of viable conidia of B. bassiana to granular cells occurred within 10 min and the conidia were initially phagocytized by granular cells 5 hr postinjection, and the phagocytic rate reached the maximum after 12 hr. Plasmatocytes accompanied by granular cells might encapsulate conidia to form the melanized nodules 6 hr postinjection. The phagocytized or encapsulated conidia could germinate from phagocytized or nodules 24 hr postinjection. The total hemocyte count of the silkworm declined as a result of phagocytosis or nodule formation after injection of B. bassiana conidia. The present study indicates that the silkworm may exert temporarily a cellular response to the highly pathogenic fungal spores when injected with a high spore concentration.
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Z.H. ZIDAN, M.I. ABDEL-MEGEED, S.A. EL-REFAI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
126-130
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The present work was directed to study the ovicidal, larvicidal and antifeeding effects of cartap against S. littoralis. The sterility action on adult moths was also considered. Cartap showed a drastic influence on embryonic development of treated eggs. The older eggs were more susceptible to this insecticide than the younger ones. However, the tested concentrations had a slight larvicidal activity in this respect. The higher the concentration the higher was the rate of larval starvation. The percentage of pupation was slightly decreased as a result of larval treatment with cartap. A negative correlation between the different concentrations of cartap on the fecundity of female moths was recorded. However, cartap at all tested rates showed no harmed effect on the hatchability of eggs which were deposited by females treated in larval stage.
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Hajime INOUE, Shigeru KIMURA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
131-136
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Fluorescent antibody studies were conducted on the distribution of chitobiase in silk-worm larvae, Bombyx mori, non-infected or infected with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV). Chitobiase, in non-infected control larvae, appeared first in the small tracheae and then in the large tracheae, anterior silkgland, foregut, hindgut, and integument in the process of larval-larval transformation. The enzyme rapidly disappeared when the larvae underwent ecdysis. A specific fluorescence of chitobiase was observed only on the chitinolytic tissues but not within their cells. In NPV-infected larvae, the distribution of chitobiase was similar to that in the control larvae, but the specific fluorescence was continuously observed when the larval ecdysis was blocked by the multiplication of NPV.
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Kenjiro KAWASAKI, Yoshio TAMAKI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
137-142
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Behavior of the male plae brownish charfer, Phyllopertha diversa, was analyzed. In the laboratory, males were active in the daytime with the peak of activity, as observed by actograph, between 8 : 00 and 8 : 30. In the field, the peak of their flight activity was observed between 10 : 00 and 11 : 00. Males were attracted to female-baited traps in the daytime and were also attracted to a female extract, indicating the presence of a sex-attractant pheromone produced by females. Although all parts of a dissected female body attracted males in the field, the most attractive was the meso- and meta-thorax without wings. In laboratory bioassay of walking males in a glass tube, 1×10
-2 FE extract elicited a response comparable to one live female.
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Kazuhiro AMANO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
143-150
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Newly hatched larvae of the house fly, Musca domestica, were transferred to dung of cattle fed only fresh grass, and to artificial diet for a control, to determine the effects of the media on larval development and survival value of emergent adults. Compared with artificial diet, fresh cow dung broght about a longer developmental period for emergence by ca. 1 day at 30°C, and smaller-sized adults by ca. 5% in head width for both sexes. Emerged female adults from both media were more attracted to artificial diet than to fresh cow dung for oviposition site, when a choice was offered. However, mortality in immature stages, adult survival, and female fecundity were not significantly different between both larval media. These facts show apparently that fresh cow dung is not inadequate for the house fly to colonize open pastures as far as larval medium is concerned.
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Hitoshi HONDA, Koji HORI, Katsuhisa KURAMOCHI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
151-158
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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In the horn fly, the peak of TLE-activity appeared earlier at 30°C than at 25°C after blood ingestion, while the time course of AP-activity showed a similar pattern at both temperatures. The peak of TLE-activity coincided with the degradation of ca. 35% of protein at 25°C and ca. 60% at 30°C. In the stable fly, the peak of TLE-activity also appeared earlier at 30°C than at 25°C. On the other hand, AP-activity showed a time course similar to that of TLE at 25°C, but showed no peak and remained at a low level at 30°C. The peak of TLE-activity coincided with the degradation of ca. 70% of protein both at 25°C and 30°C. At both temperatures, adults fed twice on blood meals showed higher TLE- and AP-activity than those fed once.
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Yasuhiro HORIE, Shoichi NAKASONE, Kijiro WATANABE, Masatoshi NAKAMURA, ...
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
159-172
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The contents of various kinds of nutrients in mulberry leaves and in the feces excreted by larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were determined, along with the daily amount of ingestion and utilization of protein, amino acids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, sterols and fatty acids in the larvae.The amount of energy ingested and absorbed daily by the larvae was 1.005 and 0.466 kcal/g of body weight, and the amount of protein (expressed as amino acids), carbohydrates, and lipids (expressed as triglycerides) absorbed daily was 48.0, 28.2 and 6.32 mg/g of body weight, corresponding to 0.281 kcal, 0.107 kcal and 0.0566 kcal/g of body weight, respectively. These calorific values of protein, carbohydrates and lipids corresponded to approximately 60%, 23% and 12% of the total energy absorbed daily per gram of body weight of the larva. The contents of various kinds of nutrients in mulberry leaves and the daily amount of nutrients ingested and absorbed by the larvae were discussed in relation to the quantitative requirements of nutrients in the silkworm.
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Junji TAKABAYASHI, Shozo TAKAHASHI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
173-178
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The host selection behavior of the encyrtid parasitoid Anicetus beneficus toward Ceroplastes species was investigated. Ovipositional stimulants were found in the Ceroplastes scale wax and were extractable with chloroform. The extract from C. rubens had the highest stimulation to A. beneficus while extracts from C. ceriferus and C. japonicus showed lower activity. The difference in ovipositional stimulation was considered an important chemical factor in the host selection behavior of A. beneficus. The stimulants in C. rubens were purified according to a bioassay using paraffin models on which samples were impregnated. Results showed that a mixture of sesterpenoid monoalcohols, and diols of diterpenoid together with sesterterpenoid were the most active.
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Noriaki AGUI, Susumu IZUMI, Shiro TOMINO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
179-188
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The dose dependent effects of ecdysterone on follicle development and vitellogenin concentration were observed in houseflies decapitated 24 hr after hormone treatment. Vitellogenin level induced by ecdysterone was maximally 5.7-fold greater than control flies. Vitellogenin was detectable in decapitated male flies treated with ecdysterone, but not in intact males. Juvenile hormone analog (methoprene) treatment did not induce any vitellogenin in male flies, whereas it induced approximately 4.4-fold the vitellogenin and follicle development in decapitated females over that of control flies. A large amount of vitellogenin was detectable in 70% of the ovariectomized females, but only a trace amount was found in male flies holding a vitellogenic ovary. Vitellogenin and ecdysteroid level were coincident and made a similarly shaped parabolic curve during the first gonotropic cycle. The maximal ecdysteroid level (18 ng/ml) appeared in the middle of the vitellogenic phase. Meanwhile, no ecdysteroid surge was found in the hemolymph of ovariectomized females or in that of males holding a vitellogenic ovary. A moderate level of ecdysteroids was detectable in the intact ovary during the vitellogenic and post-vitellogenic stage. The inability to stimulate oogenesis and vitellogenin synthesis in both sexes of houseflies by ecdysteroids and juvenoids is discussed.
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Sadao WAKAMURA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
189-198
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Analyses of female secretions of Matsumuraeses falcana by means of GC-MS equipped with a glass capillary column showed the presence of ten aliphatic acetates. Dodecyl acetate was the main component in the extracts at amounts of about 13 ng/female. (E)-8-Dodecenyl acetate and (E, E)-8, 10-dodecadienyl acetate were present to the extent of 27.8% and 23.3% of the main component, respectively. Minor components were identified as (E)-10-dodecenyl acetate (2.1%), (E, Z)-7, 9-dodecadienyl acetate (6.6%), (E, E)-7, 9-dodecadienyl acetate (2.7%), (E, Z)-8, 10-dodecadienyl acetate (2.1%), tetradecyl acetate (0.8%), (E)-10-tetradecenyl acetate (0.4%) and octadecyl acetate (tr). Bioassay revealed that both (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate and (E, E)-8, 10-dodecadienyl acetate were essential to show sex-attractive and sex-stimulative activities to the male moths.
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Harish KUMAR, K.N. SAXENA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
199-209
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The role of certain factors viz., age of the insects, food source, CO
2-anaesthesia, mating status and age of plants in influencing the substrate-borne acoustic communication associated with the sexual behaviour of the leafhopper. Amrasca devastans (DISTANT) (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) was studied under the laboratory conditions. The sound emission and mating responses increased from nil in 1-day-old insects to maximum in 5-day-old ones and declined thereafter. The leafhoppers reared on the non-host cucurbit, Lagenaria siceraria, showed a high degree of sound emission and mating but those reared on sucrose solution did not exhibit these responses. Such differences were related with equal maturation of oocytes on the host and non-host but not on the sucrose solution.The CO
2 anaesthesia was found to inhibit the sound emission and mating in this leafhopper and its effect on the females was greater than the males. Mating inhibited the subsequent sound emission and mating of the females but had no effect on the males. The sexes of this leafhopper could communicate and mate when present anywhere on the young (1-2 months) plants but could not do so freely on older (5-6 months) plants.
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Mamoru WATANABE, Nobuhiko SUZUKI, Kazuo NOZATO, Keizi KIRITANI, Keiko ...
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
210-217
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The habitat preference of the black swallowtail butterflies (BSB), Papilio helenus, P. protenor and P. memnon, was studied by mark-release-and-'resight' method in Kodakasa-yama, Kochi, Japan. Flight behavior of BSB was little affected by this method. In P. helenus, males tended to prefer the edges of the forest instead of the treeless "gaps, " though their population interchange between gap and edge was at the same low rate. Both the gaps and the forest interior were utilized for roosting. P. protenor, on the other hand, tended to remain in the gaps and the interior where they fed and oviposited. Thus, the daily flight trajectory of P. protenor seemed roughly opposite that of P. helenus. P. memnon which flies by soaring and gliding, preferred an open or edge area of the forest. Their host plants and nectar plants are different from those of the other two species and grow mainly in open areas. Thus, P. protenor and P. memnon are the more typical inhabitants of forests and open areas among the three BSB species.
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Harish KUMAR, K.N. SAXENA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
218-221
Published: May 25, 1985
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In Chilo partellus (SWINHOE), maximum mating takes place during the first night after emergence, declining markedly during the successive nights. Mating commences after midnight, reaches a peak between 5 a.m. and 7 a.m. and then declines. Oviposition is maximum during the first night after mating and declines on successive nights. The most suitable period for oviposition is between 4 p.m. and midnight. Among the non-plant surfaces tested for oviposition, glass is most suitable polythene sheet and wax paper coming next, followed by filter paper. Muslin and nylon net are unsuitable for the purpose.
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Chikayoshi KITAMURA, Masahiro KOBAYASHI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
222-224
Published: May 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Eisuke EGUCHI, Masami SASAKI, Koji ISHII
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
225-227
Published: May 25, 1985
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Jun TAGAWA, Shuichi ASANO, Takeshi OHTSUBO, Minoru KAMOMAE, Tetsuya GO ...
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
227-230
Published: May 25, 1985
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Joji AOKI, Kunikatsu HAMANO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
230-232
Published: May 25, 1985
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Kimihiko SATO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
232-234
Published: May 25, 1985
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Kimihiko SATO, Jun-ichi FUKAMI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
235-237
Published: May 25, 1985
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Hideharu NUMATA, Toshitaka HIDAKA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 2 Pages
237-239
Published: May 25, 1985
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