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Hiroyuki KUBA, Juro KOYAMA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
365-372
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The mating behavior of wild melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT, released on a field-caged non-host tree (coral tree) was observed. When the light intensity decreased toward dusk, males stationed themselves on the bottom surface of leaves and formed a lek. In the lek, males were stationary, then engaged in wing vibration and released a sex pheromone. Each male individually occupied a leaf as a territory and defended it against other males which approached. When the males began to release pheromone, a female approached a chosen male from the front, and the male attempted copulation.
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Annamalai SIVAPRAGASAM, Ahmad ASMA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
373-379
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The development, longevity, fertility, of the mirid Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and its predation on the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, were studied in a laboratory condition. The developmental period was 20 days with usually five instars. The adult longevity, fertility and the intrinsic rate of increase were higher when the mirid was fed with BPH eggs than without BPH eggs. The functional responses of the mirid to both egg and 1st-instar nymph of BPH were well described by a HOLLING'S (1959) type-II. The maximum number of BPH eggs eaten per day was 22, 18, and 6 by the female, male and 3rd-instar nymph of the mirid, respectively. The instantaneous search rate a and the handling time h, changed depending on the mirid age. BPH eggs were preferred to nymphs by the mirid.
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Toshitake KAWAKAMI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
380-386
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Ascogaster reticulatus WATANABE is a solitary egg-larval endoparasitoid of the smaller tea tortrix moth, Adoxophyes sp. Most of the parasitoid eggs hatched within two days after being laid in the host eggs, and became 1st-instar larvae with brown, falcate-shaped and sclerotized mandibles. The parasitoid larvae grew slowly, becoming 2nd-instar larvae when the host was in the 4th-instar and reaching 3rd-instar immediately before their egression from the host. The mandibles of the 2nd-instar parasitoid larvae were transparent and feebly sclerotized; however, they were again sclerotized and serrated in the 3rd instar. After its egression, the 3rd-instar parasitoid larva consumed the host larva completely from the outside, and then spun a cocoon for pupation.
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Masayuki SAKUMA, Hiroshi FUKUMI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
387-402
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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A T-shaped wind-tunnel olfactometer with a special wire pathway was designed and built to examine taxes of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) toward aggregation pheromonally odoured air or air current. Test animals were made to climb up to a T-junction on the wire and to choose a direction at one point. Chemotaxis and odour modulated anemotaxis were demonstrated in two different air-flow modes (C-mode and A-mode), respectively. Their shelter contaminated with their frass induced strong positive taxis in both modes in B. germanica nymphs. The preference toward the odour source was independent of the wind speed in the C-mode, whereas it correspondingly ascended with the increase of wind speed in the A-mode. The probit analysis on the excess proportion index and wind speed gave 0.86 cm/sec as the median effective stimulus level. Bilaterally antennectomized nymphs exhibited neither taxis, whereas those unilaterally antennectomized represented significant positive taxis toward the stimulus in both modes. The latter implied that besides tropotaxis, klinotaxis also participated in their orientation behaviour in both modes.
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Takamichi KONNO, Osamu KAJIHARA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
403-410
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Synergism of carbamates and organophosphorus insecticides against an organophosphate-resistant strain of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis WALKER, was investigated. Although no synergism was observed with the combination of fenitrothion and each of four substituted phenylcarbamates, carbaryl, methomyl or bendiocarb, a remarkable elevation of co-toxicity was observed with the combination of pirimicarb and fenitrothion. Pirimicarb, a selective aphicide, showed a high synergistic action with all dimethylthiophosphates tested, especially with compounds having a hetero ring in their structure. However, synergism was not observed with diethylthiophosphates, phosphates and dithiophosphates other than malathion. Pirimicarb showed no synergistic action with organophosphorus insecticides against the susceptible strain.
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Rikio SATO, Noriyosi ABE, Philip SONNET, Hajime SUGIE, Yoshio TAMAKI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
411-415
Published: November 25, 1985
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The two enantiomers of 14-methyl-1-octadecene, the sex pheromone of the peach leafminer moth, Lyonetia clerkella LINNE, were synthesized. Fields tests showed that the sex pheromone has the (S)-configuration. (R)-, (S)-14-methyloctadecanes, (R)-, (S)-14-methyl-l, E12-octadecadienes and (R)-, (S)-14-methyl-l, Z12-octadecadienes were synthesized as analogues of the pheromone of this species and tested under field conditions. Only saturated (S)-14-methyloctadecane showed slight activity.
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Kikuo IWABUCHI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
416-423
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The mating behavior of the grape borer Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus is composed of two phases. The first phase is the female's in-flight approach to pheromone-releasing males over a distance of more than one meter; the second phase is the male's walking approach to the female which has alighted nearby. The present study indicated that the approach by males to females was mediated by a female sex pheromone. This suggests that the grape borer possesses two different sex pheromones enabling the sexes to effectively encounter each other. The female pheromone induces males to seek a mate and is the sole stimulus to sex recognition by males. However, subsequent behavior was elicited by other stimuli, i.e., a visual stimulus for an approaching male just prior to his contact with a female, and a tactile stimulus for the mounting and abdominal bending behavior for genital contact.
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Kenji KOYAMA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
424-430
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Amino acids essential for the growth of N. lugens nymphae were investigated. Insects were fed on the synthetic diet MED-1 lacking one amino acid from immediately after hatching. All the N. lugens nymphae were able to develop into adults in the absence of any one of the amino acids; therefore no single amino acid is essential for their growth. Growth, hawever, was markedly delayed in a diet lacking either cysteine, histidine or methionine. The insects developed into adults even when reared on a diet containing neither cystine or cysteine, but all died at the 1st instar when cystine, cysteine and methionine were eliminated from the diet at the same time.
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Koichi SONE
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
431-438
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The gregariousness and the competition for food among larvae of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis UCHIDA et INOUYE, were studied during the period from 1976 to 1982. The competition in the galls was not so strong as to cause the death of larvae, but it did decrease larval body size. This decline in the size of larvae might lead to increased mortality of the overwintering population in the soil and to a decrease in body size and fecundity of females; but the competition is unlikely to be important in regulating the population density. The gregariousness of larvae seemed to give them a greater chance to settle themselves and to survive in the gall. Galls with more larvae seemed to produce more females per gall, which resulted in higher fecundity per gall and per population.
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Yasuyuki SAKURATANI, Takahiro KUBO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
439-442
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The number of aestivating adults of Coccinella septempunctata bruckii was investigated in several kinds of plant communities in the grassland on the bed of the Yodo River in the Osaka Plain, Japan. More adults aestivated in the Miscanthus sacchariflorus community than in Solidago altissima and other plant communities. The temperature in the M. sacchariflorus community was lower than in the S. altissima. In the M. sacchariflorus community more adults tended to be found in the plot with the lowest temperature, indicating that adults of C. septempunctata bruckii might prefer a low temperature site for aestivating.
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Yoshiaki KONO, Yoshiyuki OKADA, Yasuo SATO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
443-449
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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An O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothiolate insecticide, TIA-230, is oxidatively activated in the central nerve of an insect to inhibit its acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and shows strong insecticidal activity. Activation experiments of various TIA-230 substituents and other organophosphorous insecticides were carried out in the isolated nerve cord of larvae of Spodoptera litura. Phosphorothiolates having O-ethyl S-propyl or O-ethyl S-butyl group were strongly activated in the nerve cord and showed potent insecticidal activity. Phosphorodithioates having O-ethyl S-propyl group and O, S-dimethyl phosphorothioates were not activated though they showed strong insecticidal activity. In these chemicals, activation sites other than the nerve tissue must function to exhibit AChE inhibition.
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Ryoh-ichi OHGUSHI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
450-457
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Small mammals were trapped each year from 1976 to 1984 no Kahoku-gata reclaimed land in Ishikawa Prefecture. This area, which had been covered with grassland, was gradually transformed to cultivated fields. Before cultivation started, 3 species of rodents and 1 species of insectivore were trapped. Microtus montebelli, Rattus norvegicus and Mus molossinus were abundant. After cultivation, Apodemus speciosus was added to this fauna. Microtus and Mus were as dominant as before. Three dominant species were found in all sampling plots of this area. Their level of abundance was roughly equal to that in each plot before cultivation began, but R. norvegicus was usually found near a water source. After the start of cultivation, these homogeneous patterns of distribution changed. Microtus decreased in the cultivated areas and the level of abundance in the Mus population differed. A remarkable change was found in the Rattus population in this area : this species increased from 1977 to 1979 and then rapidly disappeared. Such a pattern of fluctuation is supposed to be characteristic of a reclaimed land ecosystem.
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Fujio KADONO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
458-464
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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A new species, Phyllocoptes pyrivagrans, was described from pear in Chiba Prefecture. Aculus fockeui (NALEPA and TROUESSART) and Aculus schlechtendali (NALEPA), new to Japan, were redescribed from peach in Yamanashi Prefecture, and from apple in Aomori Prefecture, respectively.
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Atsushi MOCHIZUKI, Yukio ISHIKAWA, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
465-469
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Phagostimulants for the larvae of the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua MEIGEN were isolated from onion bulbs. Among the basic, acid and neutral fractions of the methanolic extract, only the neutral fraction showed phagostimulatory activity. This fraction contained glucose, fructose and sucrose at 0.09 M, 0.07 M, and 0.06 M, respectively. Fructose and sucrose were effective at 0.1 M, but glucose was not effective at any concentration. The mixture of these sugars at 0.05 M each was also effective. Fructose and sucrose in onion bulbs were determined to act as phagostimulants additively to the larvae of the onion fly, suggesting the importance of the fructose moiety.
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Katsuhiko ENDO, Izumi YAMASHITA, Yoshihiko CHIBA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
470-478
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Larvae of Papilio xuthus were transferred from short-day to long-day conditions at various developmental stages. The critical time, at which the short-day (diapause inducing) effect was cancelled by the following long-day (diapause averting) conditions in 50 per cent of the larvae, was at around the 4th larval ecdysis at 20°C. In the reversed transfer, the critical time was 3 days earlier.In general, there is a close association between the induction of diapause and the spring morph, while the summer morph emerges from non-diapause pupae. This tendency was obscured in the autumnal field population as well as in non-diapause pupae subjected to photoperiodic transfer in the larval stage or to a low temperature during the pupal stage.Association of the seasonal morphs with the developmental pattern was also disturbed by removal of one of the brain lobes, where the mechanisms underlying the photoperiodic control of diapause and seasonal morphs are presumably located.
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Kiyoshi NAKAMUTA, Tetsuo SAITO
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
479-483
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata bruckii, is suggested to capture an aphid prey after it makes contact either by its maxilla or maxillary palps. Amputation of the maxillary palps decreased the number of prey consumed and the efficiency of capture supporting the above suggestion. The lady beetle continuously fed on a prey while its maxilla were in contact with the aphid body fluid.
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Junji TAKABAYASHI, Takashi NODA, Shozo TAKAHASHI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
484-489
Published: November 25, 1985
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General sequence of the host finding behavior of female Apanteles kariyai WATANABE was observed. When a female A. kariyai found either feeding traces, exuviae or frass of a host larvae on a corn leaf, she exhibited an intense antennal contact behavior toward these materials. Chemical properties of the arresting stimuli for A. kariyai produced by the host larvae were investigated. Bioassay using a paper disc impregnated with extract from the exuviae or frass showed that the arresting stimuli was present in the material derived from the host larvae. Secretion left on the feeding traces was also tested for its arresting activity. The extracts from three different sources were separately purified by column chromatography under the same condition and the arrestant appeared to have the same chemical properties. Presence of the same arrestant in the feeding trace, frass and exuviae of P. separata larvae is of particular interest.
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Taiji KUROZUMI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
490-491
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Yoshihiro ADACHI, Katsuo KANEHISA, Hisaaki TSUMUKI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
492-493
Published: November 25, 1985
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Kazuo NOZATO, Keizi KIRITANI, Shunichi MIYAI, Yukinari BAN
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
494-496
Published: November 25, 1985
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Hajime INOUE, Jun MITSUHASHI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
496-498
Published: November 25, 1985
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Hajime MORI, Shigemi KAWASE, Serge BELLONCIK
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
498-499
Published: November 25, 1985
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Kazuhiko KIMURA, Yoshitaka TSUBAKI
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
500-501
Published: November 25, 1985
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Norio SEKITA
1985 Volume 20 Issue 4 Pages
501-504
Published: November 25, 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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