Applied Entomology and Zoology

Influence of Red Fox Predation upon a Local Population of Small Rodents III. Seasonal Changes in Predation Pressure, Prey Preference and Predation Effect

Masaaki YONEDA

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.1

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Population changes of small rodents in relation to predation by foxes were studied in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. In this report, seasonal changes in predation pressure, prey preference and predation effect are particularly described. By taking the average of two estimates, it was determined that the foxes consumed about 4, 000 to 10, 000 rodents per year within the study area of 415 hectares. Predation pressure against rodents was high in spring but low in winter, and these seasonal changes might be caused by the changes in ground cover. Prey preference for the genus Clethrionomys was assessed by making a comparison between the number of rodents consumed and the number living in the study area. Although a weak positive correlation was detected between the annual average number of rodents consumed per day and the annual total number available for foxes, seasonal fluctuation of the rodent population seemed to be independent of fox predation. There were no significant correlations between the annual predation pressure in the spring and the increase rate in the number of rodents from spring to summer, or between the annual consumption rate by foxes in winter and over-wintering rate of the rodents.

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Developmental and Morphogenetic Effects of Two Insect Growth Regulators (Hydroprene and R-20458) on the Female Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)

A.P. GUPTA, J.M. MKHIZE

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 11-21
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.11

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The study of the effects of insect growth regulators (IGRX_s) (hydroprene and R-20458) on the development and morphogenesis of the female Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) was conducted in IGR-treated wheat and by topical application. All develop-mental stages were found to be susceptible to some degree to the IGRs in both treatments, the 4th larval and pupal stages being the most susceptible. FX₁ progeny production was completely suppressed in IGR-treated wheat. Although the IGRXs did not produce morphological abnormalities in younger larvae, they had a direct toxic effect on some of these insects treated topically. In general, the IGRs caused ecdysial failures, metamorphic defects, and morphogenetic abnormalities at larval-pupal molts. Some of the treated insects emerged as apparently normal adult rice weevils. Thus, although the IGRs disrupted the molt cycle, the ecdysial failures produced were not always lethal. In addition, these compounds induced uneven pigmentation and sclerotization, and produced malformed dlytra and folded or crumpled hindwings in treated weevils. Hydroprene and R-20458 prevented differentiation of the ovaries at metamorphosis. This interfered with the normal development of the oocytes and resulted in the formation of atrophied oocytes. Of the two IGRs, hydroprene was more offective against the rice wevil than R-20458.

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Redescription of Asphondylia morivorella (NAITO), comb. n. (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae), with Notes on Its Bionomics

Tsukasa SUNOSE

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 22-29
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.22

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Asphondylia morivorella comb. n. (=Diplosis morivorella; =D. moricola, syn.n.), a gall midge causing spindle-shaped bud galls on mulberry, is redescribed and observations on its bionomics are given.

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Pheromone Study on Acarid Mites XI. Function of Mite Body as Geometrical Isomerization and Reduction of Citral (the Alarm Pheromone)

Yasumasa KUWAHARA, Hiroshi SUZUKI, Katsuhiko MATSUMOTO, Yoshitake WADA

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 30-39
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.30

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Using Carpoglyphus lactis, body-effect of mites on citral composition was determined by incubating a known amount of a substrate (neral or geranial) in hexane at room temperature with the hexane-washed bodies of mites (0.5 g). Half of the substrate (100 ppm, each) was consumed within 30 min and the products of the incubation consisted of four compounds : isomerized citral to an equilibrium state [neral (40%) and geranial (60%), total 26-43 ppm] and reduction products (total 27-59 ppm) of citral, which were identified as nerol and geraniol. The isomerization rate was affected by the incubation solvent and was observed in the following order : ether>hexane>benzene>acetone>ethanol. Reduction products were detected in the ether-, benzene-and hexane-incubation. Treatment of washed mites with formalin and trichloroacetic acid retarded the isomerization reaction. Treatment of washed mites with tap water did not affect the isomerization rate, but inhibited the reduction of citral. Both reactions were commonly observed in all species of acarid mites tested.

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Mode of Action of Antifeeding Compounds in the Larvae of the Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) III. Sensory Responses of the Larval Chemoreceptors to Chlordimeform and Clerodin

Alice Girgis ANTONIOUS, Tetsuo SAITO

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 40-49
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.40

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Antifeeding activities of clerodin and chlordimeform in a topical application on the larval olfactory and various gustatory chemosensilla were studied. The morphological and histological characteristics of these chemosensilla of the tobacco cutworm are similar to those of other lepidopterous larvae. Clerodin produced antifeeding activity and slight excitation symptoms when it was applied to the sensilla basiconica of the apical segments of both maxillary palps, while chlordimeform produced antifeeding activity and extreme excitation symptoms when it was applied to the hypopharynx. Chlordimeform's obvious excitation symptoms were hyperactivity in locomotion with several rubbing trials of the mouth parts on the filter paper and biting trials to the thoracic legs, followed by uncoordinated movements as a result of tremors beginning in the mandibles and maxillae and in the thoracic legs later. The proposed primary site of action of clerodin is the maxillary palps. On the other hand, the primary site of action of chlordimeform is the hypopharynx.

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Substrate Factors Involved in Oviposition Response of the Limabean Pod Borer, Etiella zinckenella TREITSHKE (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)

Makoto HATTORI, Akio SATO

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 50-56
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.50

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Factors involved in the oviposition response of the limabean pod borer, Etiella Zinckenella TREITSHKE were examined, using soybean plants as the substrate under a net cage (30×30×40 cm) condition. Gravid females preferred to oviposit among hairs on the plant surface for a pubescent variety, while they oviposited preferentially under the sepals and stipels for a glabrous one. When the pod was taped with a wax paper band, most eggs were laid crowded together under it, particularly in the pod banded at the proximal part. In a pod taped with double papers, the number of eggs laid between the two papers was almost the same as those between the lower paper and the pod surface. Ovipositional preferences to the fresh, dried, and water-sucking (dried) pod were compared in both free-choice and no-choice situations. In both tests, the eggs deposited on the dried pod were much fewer than those on the other two pods. A few more eggs were found on the fresh pod than on the water-sucking one. These results suggest that the physical texture and moisture of the substrate act strongly on the oviposition response of E. zinckenella, and odor influences only weakly. Contact chemostimuli seem not to be contributive, at least, in the final step of oviposition behavior.

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The Role of Juvenile Hormone in the Density-Related Color Variation in Larvae of Cephonodes hylas L. (Lepidoptera : Sphingidae)

Hajime IKEMOTO

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 57-61
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.57

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Topical application of juvenile hormone (JH) and a juvenoid (ZR 515) to the crowded larvae of Cephonodes hylas caused pale pigmentation of the solitary phase at the next instar. This result suggests that the role of JH in the phase control of Cephonodes larvae and Locusta hoppers is similar or identical. JH I and JH II were 4-20 times more potent than JH III in their inhibition of dark pigmentation. ZR 515 was the most effective among the chemicals used.

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Mass-rearing of the Onion and Seed-corn Flies, Hylemya antiqua and H. platura (Diptera : Anthomyiidae), on an Artificial Diet with Antibiotics

Yukio ISHIKAWA, Atsushi MOCHIZUKI, Toshiaki IKESHOJI, Yoshiharu MATSUM ...

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 62-69
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.62

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A simple and inexpensive artificial diet was developed for mass-rearing the onion fly, Hylemya antiqua MEIGEN and the seed-corn fly, H. platura M. The diet consists of a commercial food for guinea pigs, defatted soybean flour, dehydrated yeast, sugar, agar, micro-nutrients and antibiotics. A large amount of cellulose powder was also included to improve the physical quality of the diet. The advantages of this diet are : 1) no sterilization of egg surface or disinfection of the rearing container prior to inoculation is required; 2) growth of the larvae is fairly good and uniform; 3) yield is considerably high (over 65%) and pupal size is comparable to those reared on onions; 4) the rearing condition is quite hygienic and the diet discharges no unpleasant odor as do onion and other artificial diets. Screening of several antibiotics showed that kanamycin sulfate singly, and the mixtures of neomycin-chloramphenicol and spiramycin-chloramphenicol effectively suppress the frequently observed larval diseases. A neomycin-chloramphenicol mixture was used in the standard diet since these are less expensive than the other antibiotics.

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Daily Utilization and Consumption of Dry Matter in Food by the Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae)

Yasuhiro HORIE, Kijiro WATANABE

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 70-80
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.70

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Daily utilization and consumption of dry matter in food by the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were determined, and quantitative distribution of digested food into cocoon-shell, pupa, adult and eggs was estimated. The amounts of dry matter ingested and digested in the 4th and the 5th instars were 5.8 and 2.4 g for the male, and 6.6 and 2.8 g for the female, respectively. Digestibility was 42%. Dry matter gain in larva was 1.3 and 1.5 g for the male and the female, with a large part allocated to the silkglands. The dry matter utilization for tissues other than the silkglands was larger in the female than in the male. E.C.I. values for mature larva, pupa, adult and cocoon-shell were 22, 9, 5 and 11% in the male and 23, 11, 7 and 10% in the female, respectively. E.C.D. values for mature larva, pupa, adult and cocoon-shell were 52, 21, 12 and 26% in the male and 53, 25, 17 and 24% in the female, respectively. Approximately 9% of the digested food was utilized for the formation of eggs. It is evident from these results that a larger amount of digested food was stored in the female body than in the male for egg production. The relative rates of ingestion, digestion and consumption were also calculated.

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Spiders Inhabiting the Colonial-webs of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea DRURY (Lepidoptera : Arctiidae)

Yasuhisa KUNIMI

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 81-89
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.81

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Two hundred fifty-five spiders, representing 34 species and 10 families, were recorded from the colonial-webs of the fall webworm at two localities in Tokyo. The most common spider species was Misumenops tricuspidatus which accounted for 25.5% of the total number of spiders. The spider fauna in the colonial-webs varied somewhat between two localities and between generations. Mean number of spiders per colonial-web was 0.37. Frequency distribution of spiders inhabiting the colonial-webs was approximately fitted with Poisson distribution. Mean number of the fall webworm larvae per colonial-web was larger in the colonies of the 2nd instar larvae having no spider compared to those having spiders, but no differences were detected between the colonial-webs with spiders and without spiders in other instars. The rate of predation on 3rd and 4th instar larvae was the highest in female mature M. tricuspidatus in the laboratory condition.

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Descriptions of Two New Species of Nematode Genus Trophonema RASKI, 1957 (Tylenchida : Tylenchulidae)

Nozomu MINAGAWA

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 90-97
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.90

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Trophonema asoense sp. n. was found in rhizosphere of Scirpus Wichurai f. concolor on Mt. Aso, Kumamoto, Japan. This species was similar to T. arenarium (RASKI, 1956) but distinguished from it by smaller c-value of the female, shorter gubernaculum and spicules of the male, and shorter body of the second-stage larva. T. okamotoi sp. n. was collected from roots and soilaround roots of Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria in Ibaraki, Japan. This differed from other species of this genus by a thick tail with roundly pointed terminus. Trophonema was placed in subfamily Tylenchulinae. Diagnosis of this genus and key to species were given.

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Linkage Group Analysis of Fenitrothion Resistance in the Housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera : Muscidae)

Toshio SHONO, Masuhisa TSUKAMOTO

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 98-105
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.98

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To obtain a genetically more homogeneous strain for resistance to fenitrothion, adults of Akita strain were selected for 17 successive generations with this insecticide. After the selections, the resistance ration of established Akita-f strain to susceptible SRS strain was about 4, 000. Crosses between Akita-f and SRS strains showed that fenitrothion resistance was almost completely dominant. Linkage group analyses for the dominant factor were carried out usin two multi-chromosomal marker strains. The dominant factor(s) for fenitrothion resistance was associated only with the 2nd chromosome. At the same time, these crossing experiments unintentionally revealed that the male determining factor, M, was linked to the 3rd chromosome in this resistant strain.

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Behavioral Responses of Bursaphelenchus lignicolus (Nematoda : Aphelenchoididae) to Bitter and Pungent Substances

Yasuhira TOMINAGA, Atsushi NAGASE, Yasumasa KUWAHARA, Ryozo SUGAWARA

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 106-110
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.106

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Behavioral responses of Bursaphelenchus lignicolus to bitter and pungent substances were tested. The assay procedure was as follows. A pair of holes were perforated in agar plates in petri dishes. They were filled with agar containing a test chemical and untreated agar respectively. A pad of absorbent cotton impregnated with a suspension of the nematodes reared on the colonies of Botrytis cinerea was placed in the center of the agar plates. After incubation in darkness at 25°C for 3 days, the number of the nematodes in the treated and untreated agar disks were counted and analysed statistically. Among the nineteen substances tested, allyl isothiocyanate, naringenin, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan and calcium chloride showed attractive effects; and, the first compound was most active. Capsaicin and magnesium chloride exhibited repellency, the former being highly active. The threshold values of activity for allyl isothiocyanate and capsaicin were comparable with that of 1-monoolein which was found at 1×10X^-4M. Quinine hydrochloride, phenyl thiourea, caffein and diallyl disulfide exhibited moderate nematicidal activities.

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ML-236B (Compactin) as an Inhibitor of Juvenile Hormone Biosynthesis

Kiyoshi HIRUMA, Shigemi YAGI, Akira ENDO

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 111-115
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.111

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ML-236B (Compactin), an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase activity and thus of juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis, was found to have anti-JH action in the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae. When 50 μg ML-236B was injected twice or three times every 6 or 9 hr respectively beginning 18 hr before head capsule slippage in the penultimate instar, it caused the formation of larval-pupal intermediates. Later application 6 hr after head capsule slippage only inhibited ommochrome synthesis. This latter effect could be prevented by simultaneous application of JH-I. Thus, ML-236B apparently prevents JH biosynthesis for a short period, but is rapidly metabolized so that the effect is reversible.

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A Putative Photoreceptor-Organelle in Insect Brain Glial Cell

Yoshiaki KONO, Masahiko KOBAYASHI, Jacques CLARET

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 116-121
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.116

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A peculiar structure (a few μm in length and width) composed of tubular materials 60 mm in diameter was found in giant glial cells and perineurium cells of the brain of Pieris rapae crucivora. It was observable at any stage from last larval instar to pupa and often seen in the giant glial cell process around the neurosecretory cells in the medial, lateral and other parts of the brain. Possible role of this structure as a photoperiodic receptor was discussed.

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Life-History Parameters of Three Species of Schizotetranychus on Deciduous Trees (Acarina : Tetranychidae)

Tetsuo GOTOH

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 122-128
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.122

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Life-history parameters of three species of spider mites, Schizotetranychus schizopus (ZACHER), Schizotetranychus leguminosus EHARA and Schizotetranychus cercidiphylli EHARA, were investigated under laboratory conditions (25±1°C, 50-60% RH and 15L-9D). The total developmental tiem was shorter in S. schizopus than in other two species. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r), the net reproductive rate (RX₀) and the mean generation time (T) were determined as follows : S. schizopus : r, 0.206, RX₀, 27.53 and T, 16.13; S. leguminosus : r, 0.173, RX₀, 27.06 and T, 19.10; S. cercidiphylli : r, 0.160, RX₀, 26.05 and T, 20.42. The relationships between the difference of life-history parameters of these three species and the different patterns of defoliation of their host plants are discussed.

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Feeding Inhibitors for the Larvae of the Yellow Butterfly, Eurema hecabe mandarina DE L'ORZA (Lepidop-tera : Pieridae) in a Flowering Fern, Osmunda japonica THUNB

Atsushi NUMATA, Kazuko HOKIMOTO, Tsuruko TAKEMURA, Sumio FUKUI

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 129-131
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.129

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Olfactory Neural Pathway and Sexual Pheromone Responses in the Deutocerebrum of the Male Silkworm Moth, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae)

Ryohei KANZAKI, Tatsuaki SHIBUYA

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 131-133
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.131

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(4R, 8R)-(-)-4, 8-Dimethyldecanal : The Natural Aggregation Pheromone of the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebtionidae)

Takahisa SUZUKI, Kenji MORI

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 134-136
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.134

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Heliothis zea Baculovirus and Bombyx mori : Safety Considerations

Sally B. PADHI, Karl MARAMOROSCH

1983 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages 136-138
Published: February 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.18.136

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