Applied Entomology and Zoology

Studies on the Effect of Ecdysone-Analogues on the Development of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae) : I. Penetration of Phytoecdysones in Larval Cuticle : The present work was supported in part by the Grant in Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education.

Kinsaku HASEGAWA, Ahmed M. ATA

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 147-155
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.147

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The penetrability of two phytoecdysones, ecdysterone and cyasterone, through the larval cuticle of silkworm, Bombyx mori L., was tested by the dipping application of isolated abdomens of the 4th and 5th instar larvae. The two phytoecysones, dissolved in 50% ethanol, penetrated the 4th instar larval cuticle during the 4th stadium and caused the isolated abdomens to form a new larval cuticle within a few days. But the moulting hormone activity, or the penetration, decreased gradually with time after the 3rd ecdysis. Cyasterone dissolved in water was virtually ineffective.In the newly ecdysed 5th instar larvae as well, the penetration showed inducements of a supernumerous moult. However, the dipping application with phytoecdysones was ineffective on 5th instar larvae within a time as less as 24 hr after the 4th ecdysis until maturation. When 5th instar larvae approached maturation, the penetrative action of the chemical reappered and almost all abdomens isolated around the mounting stage in N₄ and Shungetsu × Hosho silkworms formed pupal cuticle. Spiracle closure and anaesthetization of the larval abdomens during the dipping application reduced remarkably the number of isolat ed abdomens responding to phytoecdysones.

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Survival of the Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines ICHINOHE (Tylenchida : Heteroderidae) under Certain String Conditions

Haruo INAGAKI, Masaaki TSUTSUMI

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 156-162
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.156

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Viability of encyysted eggs and larvae of Heterodera glycines stored in soil up to 11 years was studied. Two cyst-containing soil samples were taken from nematode-infested soybean fields. One sample was air-dried (soil moisture : 7.0%) and the other was not dried (soil moisture : 25.9%). The soli were held in plastic bags and stored in a room without any temperature control. Viability examinations done every year revealed that the encysted eggs of this nematode were able to survive for 9 years in the air-dried conditions and to infect soybean roots for 7 years in both cases of the moisture conditions.

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Pathophysiology of Nitrogen Catabolism in the Midgut of Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae), Infected with a Cytoplasmic-Polyhedrosis Virus

Hitoshi WATANABE

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 163-168
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.163

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The effect of an infection of a cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus (CPV) in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, on the uric acid content of the midgut and of the feces was studied. In an infected midgut, the uric acid content increased greatly after the 3rd day of virus ingestion, and at a late stage, it increased to a value five times that of an unifected midgut. Incorporation of ¹⁴C-glycine, which had been injected hemocoelically, into uric acid in the infected midgut was much faster and in a larger quantity than that in the uninfected midgut. As for the faces, the uric acid content in those obtained from an infected larva was maintained at a much higher value throughout the polyhedrosis than that of feces from an uninfected larva.The results indicated that a high level of nitrogen catabolism was induced in the midgut by an infection of CPV, and a great amount of uric acid was excreted with the feces and the disease progressed.

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Feeding Responses of the Cotton Spotted Bollworm, Earias fabia STOLL (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in Relation to its Establishment on Various Plants

R.C. MEHTA

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 169-174
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.169

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Feeding responses of Earias fabia larvae to various plants and the factors involved were studied to understand differences in the degree of their infestation. The fruits of Abelmoschus esculentus, Gossypium hirsutum, Urena lobata and the inflorescence of Brassica oleracea botrytis elicited higher feeding responses than the fruits of althaea rosea and Zea mays. There was hardly any response to the fruits of Pisum sativum, Solanum melongena and Citrullus vulgaris fistulosus.The factors which influenced feeding were certain physical and chemical characters of the plants. The moisture content and texture of a substrate influenced the feeding responses of the insect. The chemical constituents in the test parts of malvaceous plants, the developing seeds of Z. mays, the fruit of C. vulgaris fistulosus and the inflorescence of B. oleracea botrytis favoured feeding whereas those in the fruits of P. sativum and S. melongena inhibited it.The essential oils, steroids and terpenoids in the developing seeds of A. esculentus and G. hirsutum acted synergistically and the sugars and amino acids therein had an additive effect in eliciting high feeding responses of E. fabia larvae. The interaction of these factors affected the extent of infestation of different plants by the insect.

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Descriptions of Three Economically Important Species of Root-Feeding Mealybugs in Japan (Homoptera : Pseudococcidae)

Shozo KAWAI, Kazuo TAKAGI

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 175-182
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.175

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Two new root-feeding species of the genus Rhizoecus from Japan are described and illustrated : R. theae, n. sp., collected from Thea sinensis in Shizuoka-ken is close to R. kondonis, from which it is distinguished by fewer ventral multilocular disc pores and by having only one circulus. R. hibisci, n. sp., collected from various potted ornamentals in Tokyo and from Hibiscus rosasinensis in Kagoshima-ken is allied to R. falcifer and R. nitidalis, but it is distinct in having bitubular pores instead of tritubular ones. Ferthermore, a redescription of R. kondonis, a pest of citrus in Japan, is given.

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Insensitive Cholinesterase in the Nakagawara Strain of the Green Rice Leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps UHLER (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae), as a Cause of Resistance to Carbamate Insecticides

Hiroshi HAMA, Toshikazu IWATA

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 183-191
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.183

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The Nakagawara strain of the green rice leafhopper is resistant to both carbamate and organophosphorus insectivides. Activity and sensitivity of cholinesterase, and toxicity of 10 substituted phenyl N-methylcarbamates for the resistant and susceptible strains were investigated and compared. Inter-strain difference in cholinesterase activity was found to be not significant, but the cholinesterase in the resistant strain was relatively insensitive to all the inhibitors tested as compared with the susceptible strain. Inter-strain ratio of I₅₀ among inhibitors ranges from 5 to 120. Relationships of anticholinesterase activity and toxicity of carbamate insecticides tested for the two strains showed good correlations.Resistance spectrum showing especially high resistance to bulky alkyl or alkoxy phenyl carbamates were sufficiently well explained by the sensitivity of cholinesterase. Some considerations were given to the relationships between the structure of carbamates and the anticholinesterase activity in relation to resistance.

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Structure and Function of the Antenna of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Orthoptera : Blattellidae) : A part of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology at Tokyo, April, 1971.

Shoziro ISHII

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 192-197
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.192

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Newly hatched nymphs of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) were reared in isolation and groups of two individuals until adult emergence. Growth was accelerated when the nymphs were reared in groups of two, but not accelerated when their antennae were amputated withoiut regard to being kept in isolation or in groups. The nymph reared in a pair with an antennectomized nymph did not show accelerated growth but showed almost the same growth pattern as the isolated one. These results suggest that the tactile stimuli transmitted through the antennae is responsible for the perception of the other individual. It seems likely that bristles distributed on the antennae play the important role dof receptor of tactile stimuli, and that touch and vibration of the antennae are considered to be the most certain communication method between two individuals.

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Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea DRURY : Lepidoptera : Arctiidae

Kisaku AKUTSU

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 198-205
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.198

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A cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus was obtained from larvae of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea DRURY, which had infested plane-trees in the Tachikawa area, Tokyo, in 1966.Two types of polyhedra, one with nearly spherical and the other with tetragonal outlines were observed. The sizes of the polyhedra ranged from 1.2 μ to 3.9 μ in diameter and ultra-thin sections of the infected midgut showed the presence of spherical virus particles and polyhedra in the cytoplasm of the cylindrical cells. The virus particles were approximately 30 mμ to 65 mμ in diamter.The cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus of the fall webworm was not infectious to the silkworm, Bombyx mori, and the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, but highly infectious to Spilosoma punctaria. The larvae of the fall webworm were susceptible to the cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa caterpillar, colias eurytheme and the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta.

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Survival and Egg-production of the Cotton Spotted Bollworm, Earias fabia STOLL(Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in Relation to Plant Infestation

R.C. MEHTA

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 206-209
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.206

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Laboratory Studies on the Sterilization of the Egyptian Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis BOISDUVAL, with Certain Sterilizing Compounds(Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

A.E. ABOUL-NASR, M.T. EL-IBRASHY, Nadia F. SHEHATA

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 210-212
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.210

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Induction of Sexual Sterility in the Egyptian Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis BOISDUVAL, by Feeding of Certain Compounds to Adults(Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

M.T. EL-IBRASHY, A.R. ABOUL-NASR, Nadia F. SHEHATA

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 213-215
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.213

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Preliminary Assay of Antifeeding Chemicals for the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (STAL)(Hemiptera : Delphacidae)

Kazushige SOGAWA

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 215-218
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.215

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Increased Accumulation of Silk Protein Accompanying JH-Induced Prolongation of Larval Life in Bombyx mori L.(Lepidoptera : Bombycidae)

Hiromu AKAI, Kenji KIGUCHI, Kenji MORI

1971 Volume 6 Issue 4 Pages 218-220
Published: December 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.6.218

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