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Jordi BOSCH, Marina BLAS
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
1-9
Published: February 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Foraging behaviour and pollinating efficiency of Osmia cornuta females (Oc) and Apis mellifera nectar [Am (N)] and pollen-nectar [Am (P)] foragers were studied in an orchard of young late-flowering almond tress in 1989 and 1991. Contact between the body of the pollinator and the stigma of the flower occurred in 98.7% of Oc visits, in 76.3% of Am (P) visits, and in 39.5% of Am(N) visits. Oc visited more flowers per unit time and fewer flowers per tree than either Am (P) or Am (N). In 1991 Oc flew longer distances and changed rows more frequently than Am. Fruit-set in flowers that received only one visit by one of the three pollinators examined in 1989 and 1991, respectively were as follows: 21.8% and 38.1% for Oc, 16.7% and 26% for Am (P), and 9.1% and 0% for Am (N). Pollinating efficiency of Am (P) does not appear to be limited by the quantity of compatible pollen on the body of the bee, but rather by the frequency of contact with the stigma of the flower.
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Tuyosi SUGIMOTO, Yasuyuki SAKURATANl, Osamu SETOKUCHI, Takahiro KAMIKA ...
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
11-19
Published: February 25, 1994
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The object of this study was to develop a procedure for estimating the adult population of sweet potato weevil, cylas formicarius (FABRICIUS), distributed in a relatively small field, by using the mark-release method. Considering the difference of the diurnal activity rhythms between the sexes, the males were captured with a sweep-net at 2200 and the females, by using a sweet potato tuber trap at 1400. The tubers in the trap were inside a covered plastic mesh basket for protection against rats. Weevils could go freely in and out of the basket through the mesh. The capture efficiency differed among the sweet potato cultivars used. Tubers with one third of the epidermis peeled off and left outdoors for a while were more attractive than the fresh ones. The capture efficiency of this trap decreased with the flourishing of plants. The weevils were cooled on a chilled mat (Ice-None
R) covered with gauze so as to suppress their activity during marking. They were marked on their forewings with an oily paint-marker. Marking did not have a lethal effect upon the weevils and the loss rate of mark was negligible. PETERSEN and YAMAMURA et al. methods were used to process the mark-release data obtained in the field.
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Tetsuya YASUDA, Sachiko YOSHII, Sadao WAKAMURA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
21-30
Published: February 25, 1994
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Six compound were identified as sex pheromone candidates from abdominal tips of the female browntail moth, Euproctis similis (FUESSLY), using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection, coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis, microreaction, and synthesis. These compounds were (Z)-7-octadecenyl 2'-methylbutyrate (53.5%), (Z)-7-octadecenyl isovalerate (32.1%), (Z)-9-octadecenyl 2'-methylbutyrate (4.3%), (Z)-9-octadecenyl isovalerate (4.8%), (Z)-7-octadecenyl isobutyrate (2.7%) and (Z)-7-octadecenyl butyrate (2.7%). The total amount was determined to be ca. 18.7 ng/female. The enantiomeric distribution of (Z)-7-octadecenyl 2'-methylbutyrate and (Z)-9-octadecenyl 2'-methylbutyrate was tentatively estimated to be (S) : (R) = 7.2. In flight-tunnel bioassays, 7 synthetic components, including optical isomers of (Z)-7-octadecenyl 2'-methylbutyrate, attracted males. In field bioassays, males were captured with blends of 4 to 6 components. Four components of these seven components, (Z)-7-octadecenyl isobutyrate and (Z)-7-octadecenyl butyrate, seemed to be essential for sex attractant activity in the male moths in flight-tunnel and field bioassays.
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Akio TATARA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
31-37
Published: February 25, 1994
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The thermal requirements and temperature thresholds for development of Scirtothrips dorsalis were determined under constant temperature regimes. The developmental velocity was lineally related to temperature (14.5-29.5°C). The developmental minimum and maximum temperatures, the regression equation, the coefficient of determination (r
2), and the degree-days for total development were 9.7°C, 32°C, D=0.00378T-0.003668, r
2=0.9880, and 265 degree-days, respectively. The fertility of one female was ca. 50 eggs. From degree-days analysis, the annual number of generations was estimated to be between seven and eight in Shizuoka. Seasonal occurrence of S. dorsalis was monitored with sticky suction traps during 1984-1988 in satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu MARC.) groves at Shimizu, Shizuoka, Japan. The first three peaks of S. dorsalis adult emergence were related to degree-days accumulated from January 1. Development and longevity of the female reared on young leaves of sastuma mandarin, sweet viburnum (Viburnum awabuki K. KOGK), and tea (Thea sinensis L.) were observed. The developmental duration was not different among the three hosts, but the longevity of females on the sastuma mandarin leaves was shorter than that on the other hosts.
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Shoji ASANO, Hidetaka HORI, Yunlong CUI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
39-45
Published: February 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The supernatant of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1 culture was found to be toxic against Plutella xylostella, Adoxophyes sp., Bombyx mori and Spodoptera litura. The activity in it against the first three species was substantially lower than that of pellets, but in S. litura activity of supernatant and pellets was similar. A small amount of 130 kDa toxin proteins was found in the concentrated supernatant as well as in pellets by SDS-PAGE. A small amount of solubilized δ-endotoxin seemed to explain the toxicity of the supernatant against the species except S. litura, but in S. litura the toxicity of the supernatant could not be explained by its solubilized toxin protein. When enough supernatant was given to S. litura with pellets, the insecticidal activity became higher than that of the pellets alone. These results strongly suggest that the supernatant might contain some unique factor (s) that enhance the toxicity specific to S. litura.
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Oduro Ebenezer OWUSU, Kazuhiro KOMI, Michio HORIIKE, Chisato HIRANO
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
47-53
Published: February 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Effects of temperature, hydrogen ion concentration and substrate concentration on hydrolysis of 1-naphthyl acetate by carboxylesterase from Aphis gossypii, as well as the activation and inhibition of the enzyme by divalent cations, were evaluated. Optimum ranges of these parameters read as; 40-45°C for temperature, 6.8 for pH, and 5×10
-3 M-5×10
-2 M for substrate concentration. The Michaelis constant and maximal velocity, read from the double reciprocal plot which was determined with 1-naphthyl acetate at 40°C for 10 min, were 1.0×1-
-3 M and 62.5 nmol/10 min/μg protein, respectively. Among 13 divalent cations tested, mercury and copper served as potential inhibitors of the enzyme, while cadmium partially inhibited the hydrolytic reaction at higher concentrations. The remaining 10 cations exhibited neither activation nor inhibitory effect at all levels of concentrations tested. Of four subcellular fractions, the 100, 000×g supernatant fraction (soluble fraction) gave the highest enzyme activity.
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Akira KONDO, Fukusaburo TANAKA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
55-62
Published: February 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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To obtain the basic information for establishing the pheromonal monitoring system in C. suppressalis, the range of the synthetic sex pheromone were estimated. In a playground the range of stimulation was estimated by observing behavioural responses of caged male moths to be 36.8 m at a wind speed of 0.36 m/s with little difference between the generations. The daily sampling range in the paddy field was estimated by trap interaction experiments to be more than 100 m in radius for the overwintered generation and ca. 50 m in radius for the first one. Also, the mean flight distance of marked male moths during one night was significantly longer in the overwintered generation (112.0 m) than in the first (18.8 m).
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Morio TSUKADA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
63-70
Published: February 25, 1994
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The phylogenetical relationships between eleven Japanese lace bugs were studied using zymogram variation. Stephanitis takeyai, S. fasciicarina, S. svensoni and S. yasumatsui constituted one cluster. S. nashi, however, occurred in a group with other genera. This result was concordant with their overwintering state. This suggests that S. nashi should not be assigned to the genus Stephanitis. Overwintering at the egg stage appears to be an ancestral character of the genus Stephanitis. Examination of records of host plants suggest that polyphagy, as in S. takeyai, was an ancestral character, and that monophagous species developed afterward.
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Chul-Sa KIM, Hen-Sik KOH, Hiroshi FUKAMI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
71-79
Published: February 25, 1994
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Feeding behaviors of three species of planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera and Laodelphax striatellus, were examined against some species of millets. Finger millet and Indian barnyard millet are resistant to N. lugens and S. furcifera, while serving as one of the host plants for L. striatellus. In the case of Japanese barnyard millet, N. lugens only can not select it as a host plant. Through the biological and chemical studies, we have come to the conclusion that the resistance of these millets to each planthopper species is due mainly to the presence of multiple antifeedants.
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Satoshi TAKEDA, Makoto SUZUKI, Ai ASAOKA, Makoto KIUCHI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
81-88
Published: February 25, 1994
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Changes of the three catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, in the brain-suboesophageal ganglion (Br-SG) complex were examined during the last larval and early pupal stages of the cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, in relation to the induction of the pupal diapause. The contents of the three catecholamines and some other biogenic amines as well as their related compounds in Br-SG were simultaneously determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with an electrochemical detector (ECD). During the last larval and early pupal stage, variable patterns of catecholamine contents in Br-SG differed between the animals that were destined for diapause and those that were not.
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Mohammad Shah ALVI, Setsuya MOMOI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
89-95
Published: February 25, 1994
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Photoperiodic response in two different geographic populations of Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was investigated. Short photoperiods induced prepupal diapause in the Kuroishi population but did not produce any developmental arrest in the Kobe population. The difference in the photoperiodic response in these populations reflects life-cycle adaptations to local environmental conditions. In the Kuroishi strain the critical daylength fell between 12.5 h and 13 h hours of light per day. Under 11L-13D conditions, high temperatures tended to decrease the occurrence of the diapause: as the temperature increased from 17°C to 20°C the diapause incidence diminished, ceasing altogether at 25°C. Parasite larvae of second and third instar stages were sensitive to diapause-inducing stimuli, whereas egg and first instar stages were not. The diapause termination depended not on the photoperiod but on the temperature: high temperature hastened termination of the diapause.
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Keisuke NAKATA, Kazuhiro SATOH
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
97-103
Published: February 25, 1994
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Movements of individual voles were monitored in a homogenous habitat in relation to reduction of high-density populations of the gray red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae. By two weeks after more than 80% of residents were removed in late autumn, over 90% of the voles intially located within 30 m of the edge of removal grid were making single-direction movements toward (or to) the removal grid. Fifty percent or more of the voles located at greater distances from the removal site did not make similar movements. Mean distances of movements toward (or to) the removal grid ranged from 30.6 m to 52.4 m in both sexes; sex-related difference was insignificant. After more than two weeks, few voles moved into the removal grid from the adjacent grid, though the vole numbers were still lower in the former.
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Atsushi KONDO, Masanori YAMAMOTO, Shousuke TAKASHI, Susumu MAEDA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
105-111
Published: February 25, 1994
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Eleven larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, showing symptoms of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) infection were collected in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. NPVs isolated from each larva were divided into two groups. Group 1 isolates produced cuboidal polyhedra, while group 2 isolates produced icosahedral polyhedra. The restriction endonuclease patterns of viral DNA within the same group were identical. The restriction endonuclease patterns of group 1 were similar to those of Autographa californica NPV (AcNPV), whereas the patterns f group 2 were similar to S. exigua NPV isolated in California. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of polyhedra also indicated that SeNPVs differed between the two groups. Group 1 SeNPVs could infect the cell lines SF-21 and TN-368 and group 2 SeNPVs could not. Furthermore, group 1 SeNPVs were able to infect Spodoptera litura, Plutella xylostella, and S. exigua larvae but not Bombyx mori larvae. Group 2 SeNPVs could infect S. exigua larvae, but not S. litura, P. xylostella, or B. mori larvae. The LD
50 of SeNPV #
5 (group 1) and SeNPV #
1 (group 2) were 58 and 4.8 polyhedra per larva, respectively. These results indicated that the SeNPVs isolated in Shiga Prefecture were composed of two genetically and phenotypically distinct groups.
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Yasuhiko KONNO, Shigehisa HATAKEYAMA, Yoshio SUGAYA, Satoshi FUKUSHIMA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
113-116
Published: February 25, 1994
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Maki MURATA, Kikuo IWABUCHI, Jun MITSUHASHI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
116-119
Published: February 25, 1994
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Yuji KAWAKAMI, Tadashi INOUE, Kenichi ITO, Keiichi KITAMIZU, Chie HANA ...
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
120-123
Published: February 25, 1994
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Takashi OHBAYASHI, Kikuo IWABUCHI, Jun MITSUHASHI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
123-126
Published: February 25, 1994
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Mitsuaki SHIMAZU
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
127-130
Published: February 25, 1994
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Hiroki SATO, Mitsuaki SHIMAZU, Naoto KAMATA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 1 Pages
130-132
Published: February 25, 1994
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