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Toshiharu UCHIDOI, Tikahiko NAITO, Makio TAKEDA
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
407-415
Published: November 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The development and life cycle of three related species of sawflies, Athalia rosae ruficornis, A. infumata and A. japonica sympatrically distributed widely across Japan and all infesting turnip and related plants were investigated. Larvae of A. rosae ruficornis showed the highest rate of development (K=114.94° at t
o=10.55°C) and was the most hear resistant of the three species. Some pupae showed slight developmental retardation at intermediate photoperiods. A infumata was the most cold-hardy species and showed least tendency to diapause under the investigated conditions. It is estimated that A. infumata larval development required 136.9°d at t
o=9.77°C. A. japonica entered diapause at the prepupal stage in response to photoperiod. Both long and short photoperiods induced diapause but continuous development occurred in a narrow range of photoperiods between 13L-11D and 14L-10D. A. japonica was the slowest developer of the three species. The supposed life cycles based on these data are consistent with the field observations of HIGASHIMOTO (1983) who observed six annual generations of both A. rosae ruficornis and A. infumata and two generations of A. japonica in the Kobe area.
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Michiyo GOTO, Koetsu TAKAHASHI, Chiaki SUZUKI
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
417-421
Published: November 25, 1993
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The seasonal changes of carbohydrate contents in overwintering larvae of Enosima leucotaeniella were investigated to understand the relationship between carbohydrate contens and diapause. More than eight kinds of sugars and polyols were detected in the haemolymph and body by gas-liquid chromatography. Trehalose was a dominant substance and trace levels of other sugars and polyols appeared during hibernation. From September to January, trehalose content increased with decreasing glycogen in spite of diapause termination in late November, but total carbohydrate (trehalose plus glycogen) content stayed at an approximately constant level. In February, however, both trehalose and glycogen contents decreased.
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Hajime KOSAKA, Nobuo OGURA
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
423-432
Published: November 25, 1993
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A parasitic nematode from Monochamus alternatus has both allantonematid entomophagous and neotylenchid mycetophagous phases showing morphological characteristics of the genera Contortylenchus and Deladenus, respectively. This nematode is similar to C. elongatus and C. brevicomi in the entomophagous phase and D. ipini in the mycetophagous phase, but differs from the first species in the wider mid body width of mature parasitic females (0.22-0.50 mm vs. 0.08-0.20 mm) ; from the second in the shorter stylet (9-11 μm vs. 11-12 μm), longer spicule (20-22 μm vs. ca. 17 μm) and shorter tail length (21-28 μm vs. 27.2-32.8 μm) of males ; from the third in the shorter stylet (8-10 μm vs. 11.6-12.0 μm), longer length from anterior terminus to nerve ring (79-103 μm vs. 59-84 μm) and shorter length from nerve ring to hemizonid (15-30 μm vs. 31-37 μm) of mycetophagous females. The nematode is described as C. genitalicola n. sp. based on the morphological differences from related species and the characteristics of the allantonematid entomophagous phase.
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Michiyo GOTO, Koetsu TAKAHASHI, Chiaki SUZUKI
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
433-437
Published: November 25, 1993
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The relationship between temperature and carbohydrate contents was investigated in diapausing and early post-diapausing larvae of Enosima leucotaeniella. Larvae collected in October (diapause) and December (early post-diapause) were incubated for 30 days at six different temperatures (0 to 25°C). Trehalose contents in both the haemolymph and body were high at lower temperatures below 15°C and reached a maximum at 5°C in the overwintering larvae, irrespective of diapausing stage. However, the trehalose contents in early post-diapausing larvae were usually lower than those in diapausing ones. Glycogen contents were almost inversely proportional to trehalose contents, but decreased without increase of trehalose contents in early post-diapausing larvae at 20° and 25°C. Total carbohydrate contents (trehalose plus glycogen) in early post-diapausing larvae decreased at the higher temperatures, but were almost constant in diapausing larvae at every temperature.
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Ken SUZUKI, Hiroshi HAMA, Yasuhiko KONNO
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
439-450
Published: November 25, 1993
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Carboxylesterase activity of the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii GLOVER), using naphth-1-yl acetate as a substrate, varied greatly among the clones and was closely correlated to the degree of organophosphorus insecticide resistance. Approximately 90% of the carboxylesterase activity was distributed in soluble fraction. The soluble fraction of both the susceptible and the resistant clones exhibited limited hydrolytic activity against fenitroxon, whereas that of the resistant clones showed significant sequestering activity proportional to carboxylesterase activity. Both the carboxylesterase activity and the fenitroxon sequestering activity were markedly inhibited by 2-phenoxy-4H-1, 3, 2-benzodioxaphosphorin 2-oxide (K-2) but not by S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and iprobenfos (IBP, Kitazin P
(R)). Among these three esterase inhibitors, only K-2 showed synergistic action on the toxicity of fenitrothion. Furthermore, the fenitroxon sequestering activity was markedly reduced by coexistence with an excess amount of naphth-1-yl acetate. Based on these results, it was concluded that the carboxylesterase of A. gossypii had a role in fenitrothion resistance as a sequestering protein.
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Tomoko YOKOYAMA, Masahiro FUJIKATA, Azusa FUJIIE
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
451-461
Published: November 25, 1993
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Enhancement of infectivity of a wild strain of Metarhizium anisopliae, F1011, against Anomala cuprea was attempted by Ultraviolet irradiation of the protoplasts isolated from mycelia. The protoplasts were regenerated in L-broth containing 2% agar in 0.7 M KCl. Among 38 regenerants obtained, the regenerant No.31 (RNO31), which originated from the protoplasts irradiated by UV for 30 s, was 21 times more virulent than the original strain F1011 against 1st instar larvae of A. cuprea, based on LC
50 values. Fewer days were required to achieve a 50% death rate by RNO31 than by F1011. RNO31 also exhibited stronger insecticidal activity against Popillia japonica and Anomala daimiana than did F1011. The number of surviving larvae of A. cuprea in the RNO31 treated pot was lower than that in the F1011 treated pot. Effects of temperatures and agricultural chemicals on the growth of RNO31 were similar to those for the F1011, whereas the effect of pH values was not. Germination rate of conidia from RNO31 was about 2.5 times higher than that from F1011 at 16 h after the inoculation.
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Shiro NAKAO
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
463-472
Published: November 25, 1993
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Females of Thrips nigropilosus UZEL were reared at 18°C and 15L-9D from egg to prepupa, and then transferred to 4 experimental conditions : 18°C and 15L-9D ; 18°C and 10L-14D ; 25°C and 15L-9D ; and 25°C and 10L-14D. The numbers of eggs subsequently laid by the females were counted, and the sex and wing form of their offspring were determined. Under the 4 conditions, only males were produced by virgin females, while both sexes were produced by once-mated females. Male offspring were all brachypterous. Female offspring were macropterous at both 18°C and 25°C and 15L-9D, brachypterous at 18°C and 10L-14D, and macropterous, brachypterous and intermediate at 25°C and 10L-14D. These results suggested that long-day photoperiods lead to the occurrence of the macropterous female and short-day photoperiods induce the development of the brachypterous female, and that high temperatures partly inhibit the development of the brachypterous female. The total number of eggs laid per female was significantly lower at 18°C and 10L-14D than at any other conditions. This indicated that moderate temperature and short-day photoperiod partly suppress the reproduction of the female thrips.
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Keiichi TAKAHASHI
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
473-478
Published: November 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Overwintering Coccinella septempunctata brucki adults were found in mounds and bunches of Japanese pampas grass in central Japan in February. Most adults were found in the south- and east-facing mounds, where the air temperature was 2°C-6°C higher and there were more aphids than in the north-facing mound. Adult beetles started to migrate to an alfalfa field infested with aphids in early spring, when daily maximum temperatures exceeded 12°C, but only few adults migrated to a field where the aphids had been eliminated. Some of the adults marked in their overwintering sites were recaptured in the alfalfa fields. In August, aestivating adults were found mainly in the bunches of Japanese pampas grass and some of the adults marked in August were recaptured in the alfalfa fields in the next spring.
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Kimiko OKABE
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
479-487
Published: November 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Histiogaster sp. was reared individually on fungal colonies of Hypocrea nigricans, Flammulina velutipes and Lentinus edodes, and its developmental period, fertility and the longevity of females were observed under various temperatures. The mites developed faster when they were reared at higher temperatures of 20, 25 or 30°C. This temperature domain is within a range of the optimum temperature conditions for culturing these three fungi. The developmental period of Histiogaster sp. was also examined at 33 ?? ?? s on H. nigricans, but no further increase in the developmental rate was noted. Whereas the mites developed well on colonies of F. velutipes and H. nigricans, they never showed any sign of development on L. edodes. Fertility was higher at lower temperatures on the colonies of H. nigricans and F. velutipes due to greater longevity of the mites. When two fungi were compared, the mites showed a higher fertility and lived longer on the colony of H. nigricans than on F. velutipes at both 20°C and 25°C. These results suggest that population growth of Histiogaster sp. was more pronounced on the colony of H. nigricans than on F. velutipes because of their higher fertility, rather than faster development, on the former fungus. On the colony of L. edodes, the mites never established a population due to a lack of development.
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Fumiaki MOCHIZUKI, Tatsuaki SHIBUYA, Toshiaki IHARA, Sadao WAKAMURA
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
489-496
Published: November 25, 1993
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Four compounds, (z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14 : Ac), (Z, E)-9, 12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9, E12-14: Ac), (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14: OH) and (Z, E)-9, 12-tetradecadien-1-ol (Z9, E12-14: OH) were found in sex pheromone extracts of female Spodoptera exigua from Japan. The ratio of these compounds was 60:98:100:83, respectively. Electroantennogram analysis of male moths to these four compounds suggests that receptor cells for these compounds are present in their antenna. Single sensillum recordings from male-specific trichodea (type-1 trichodea) showed that the sensitivity of type-B cells (Z9-14 : OH receptor cells) to Z9, E12-14: OH was not significantly different from the sensitivity to Z9-14: OH, whereas the threshold of type-A cells (Z9, E12-14: Ac receptor cells) to Z9-14: Ac was 1, 000 times higher than the sensitivity to Z9, E12-14: Ac. Z9, E12-14: OH was suggested to have some activity as a sex pheromone component in the Japanese population of S. exigua.
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Mh. OSAKABE, Yasusuke SAKAGAMI
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
497-502
Published: November 25, 1993
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Protein varieties among five local populations of P. citri collected from Kanagawa, Wakayama, Ehime, Fukuoka and Kagoshima Prefectures in Japan were compared by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Genetic distances between the populations based on the differences of proteins were determined. The results demonstrated that location of habitats had great influence on genetic variation among local populations.
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Akira KONDO, Fukusaburo TANAKA, Hajime SUGIE, Nobuhiko HOKYOU
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
503-511
Published: November 25, 1993
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Pheromone trap efficiencies in C. suppressalis tend to be relatively low in the first generation as compared to those of the overwintered generation. In order to clarify the factors affecting this phenomenon, three possible biological aspects, such as the male pheromone responsiveness, the flight ability of male moths, and the effect of female population densities were compared between the two generations. The responses of male moths to varying doses of the synthetic sex pheromone were not significantly different between the two generations for each concentration. No significant differences in the flight ability (duration, distance, sped) between the two generations were found. Significant declines in pheromone trap catches with increasing female population densities, evaluated by the light trap catches, were detected in both generations. However, the effects of the female population density were apparently greater in the first generation than in the overwintered one. Consequently, the female population density in the paddy fields was thought to be one of the critical factors affecting the difference in pheromone trap performance between the two generations.
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Shoji ASANO, Takeshi MARUYAMA, Tomoko IWASA, Akihiro SEKI, Makoto TAKA ...
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
513-524
Published: November 25, 1993
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Bioactivity of 2 test samples (KM301 and KM202) in wettable powder form which contain δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated by a diet incorporation method with a laboratory colony of the diamondback moth larvae, Plutella xylostella. Time-mortality curves and time-LC
50 curves for the 2 samples were differed from each other. KM301 showed relatively rapid lethal activity in 2-3 days and KM202 had slower lethal activity in 3-14 days. However, time-pupation curves and time-EC
50, the relative potency of KM202 differed from KM301 depending on the day on which the mortality rates were determined. Compared with KM301, the bioactivity of the KM202 was lower at 2-3 days, similar to it at 4 days, and higher at 5-14 days. However, an evaluation based on EC
50 showed that the KM202 was always superior to the KM301, regardless of reading days. The bioactivity of 2 samples evaluated by both diet incorporation and the leaf dip methods showed little difference between them, indicating that the relative potency was not changed by the bioassay methods.
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Gil-Hah KIM, Junji TAKABAYASHI, Shozo TAKAHASHI, Katsuhiro TABATA
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
525-535
Published: November 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Mating behavior of the male Cryptomeria bark borer, Semanotus japonicus LACORDAIRE, was elicited by the contact pheromone present on the body surface of the female. When the ether extract of the female body surface (female ether extract) was applied onto a glass rod (dummy), the male showed the mating behavior to the dummy. In contrast, when the ether extract of the male body surface (male ether extract) was applied, the male did not exhibit the mating behavior toward the dummy. Chemical analysis of the female ether extract indicated that the sex pheromone fraction consisted of a mixture of n-, methyl-, dimethyl- and trimethylalkanes, and methyl- and dimethylalkene of 25 to 30 carbon number. A chemical analysis of the male ether extract evidenced the presence of both the sex pheromone fraction and of a hydrocarbon fraction that masks the sex pheromone activity. The chemically mediated mating and sex recognition system of the Cryptomeria bark borer is discussed.
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Koichi SONE, Hitoshi TOJO
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
537-545
Published: November 25, 1993
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Sherman traps and cage traps have been used for the live trapping of two Apodemus mice, A. speciosus and A. argenteus, without regard to their trapping capability. We conducted trap-choice trials for the two species of mice in an indoor arena and in a deciduous broad-leaved forest in Tochigi Prefecture to examine the trapping capability of these two traps. The Sherman traps caught more individuals of both species of mice than the cage traps in both trials. In indoor trials, where the two raps had the same likelihood of being visited by a mouse, all individual mice visited the two traps randomly. The trapping capability of a trap was expressed by the ratio of the number of captures to that of visits to the trap. The Sherman traps had a higher efficiency for both mice than the cage traps. The difference in the number of individuals caught in the two traps in both trials could be explained mainly by the different efficiencies of these traps. The results suggest that the trapping efficiency of the Sherman traps is higher than that of the cage traps, especially for A. argenteus.
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Kimio SHIMADA, Misako NISHINO, John G. BAUST
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
547-555
Published: November 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Overwintering larvae of the goldenrod gall fly Eurosta solidaginis begin to freeze at temperatures above -10°C. The initiation of freezing at relatively high subzero temperatures may involve multiple ice nucleation mechanisms to protect the insect from lethal intracellular freezing. In spring, the insect changes the mode of its cold-hariness from freeze-tolerant to freeze-susceptible type, with the metamorphosis from larva to pupa. The change is accompanied by a lowering of the supercooling points (spontaneous freezing points) and an increase in the resistance to inoculative freezing. The present study demonstrated that the change in cold-hardiness accompanied by puparium formation is artificially induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment. In the beginning of the puparium formation, the insects lowered their supercooling points and lost their freeze tolerance, becoming resistant to inoculative freezing. At 25°C, the serial changes were completed within a week of the hormonal treatment.
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Kaoru MAETO, Kenichi OZAKI
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
557-563
Published: November 25, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Prepupal development of the red-headed spruce web-spinning sawfly, Cephalcia isshikii, was studied in an outbreak population at Naganuma, central Hokkaido. A 2-year life cycle was predominant in the population. Prepupae spent the first winter as eonymphs in the soil. Most became pronymphs by the second winter and developed into pupae the next summer. However, a small proportion of prepupae entered prolonged diapause as eonymphs. The developmental rates of overwintered pronymphs and pupae were faster at higher temperatures. The Q
10 values for the development of overwintered pronymphs were low (1.3-1.6), so no available developmental zero was indicated for the post-diapause development of pronymphs.
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Masashi SATO, Yasumasa KUWAHARA, Sigeru MATSUYAMA, Takahisa SUZUKI
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
565-569
Published: November 25, 1993
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The following four species of acarid mites were attracted not only to methyl esters of naturally occurring saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (C
16-C
18) as food attractants and (or) arrestants, but also to their corresponding free acids : Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and Lardoglyphus konoi. Four other species, Carpoglyphus lactis, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Glycyphagus demesticus and Acarus immobilis indicated no activity to any of those acids and esters. There was no difference in activity between any free fatty acids and their esters, or among fatty acids and esters. T. putrescentiae was 10 times more sensitive than the three other responsive species and responded to 10 μg-doses of fatty acids and methyl esters. The three other species gave positive responses to 100 μg-doses of fatty acids and esters. The three responsive species, L. konoi, D. farinae and T. putrescentiae were commonly attracted to pentadecanoic acid likewise to the natural fatty acids, while the other acids with even- and odd-numbered carbons from C
7 to C
20 were sporadically active, depending on species. Elaidic acid, the non-natural geometric isomer of oleic acid, was only active to D. farinae among the three species.
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Yoshinori SHONO, Masachika HIRANO
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
571-573
Published: November 25, 1993
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H.B. MANJUNATHA, H.P. PUTTARAJU
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
574-577
Published: November 25, 1993
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Takahisa MIYATAKE
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
577-581
Published: November 25, 1993
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Shun'ichi MAKINO, Hiroshi MAKIHARA, Kazuyuki FUJITA, Hiroshi KITAJIMA, ...
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
581-584
Published: November 25, 1993
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Atsushi MOCHIZUKI, Masakazu SHIGA, Osamu IMURA
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
584-586
Published: November 25, 1993
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Yoichi SHIRAI
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
587-590
Published: November 25, 1993
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Dikpal K. BAIDYA, Masami SASAKI, Mitsuo MATSUKA
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
590-592
Published: November 25, 1993
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Yutaka SAITO, Mh. OSAKABE, Yasusuke SAKAGAMI, Yukio YASUI
1993 Volume 28 Issue 4 Pages
593-597
Published: November 25, 1993
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