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Hiroaki NAKAMORI, Hiroshi SOEMORI
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
321-327
Published: November 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The dispersal rate and longevity of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae COQUILLETT, were compared for wild and mass-reared strains under field conditions at Ishigaki Is., Okinawa, Japan from 1978 to 1979. The wild strain was reared with squash for 3 generations, and the mass-reared strain was given an artificial diet for 29-39 generations after colonization. Flies of the wild strain travelled a greater distance than those from the mass-rearing. The longevity of flies in the sild strain was also longer than for those in the mass-reared strain. From these results, it was ascertained that some deterioration in the quality of flies had occurred in the course of mass-rearing.
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Alice G. ANTONIOUS, Tetsuo SAITO
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
328-334
Published: November 25, 1981
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Chlordimeform and four natural actifeedants were assayed by the leaf-disc method for antifeeding activity in starved and non-starved 5th instar larvae of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. A relationship between the concentration of the antifeedants and the antifeeding ratio was found. The order of decreasing effectiviness within AC
50 values was as follows : Clerodin≒clerodendrin-B≒caryoptin≒clerodendrin-A>chlordimeform. The larvae showed some interesting symptoms in their feeding behavior against treated discs.
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Haruki OGAWA, Tateo MIYAKI, Masatoshi TAMARU, Kunihiko FUJIMORI
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
335-344
Published: November 25, 1981
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Phenothiocarb has been developed by Kumiai Chemical Ind. Co., Ltd. under the code number of B1-5452 as a new acaricide with low toxicity to mammals, fish and beneficial insects. It is effective on mites belonging to Panonychus. The LC-50 values of phenothiocarb for eggs. larvae, protonymphs, deutonymphs and female adults of P. citri were 8.9, 12.6, 15.2, 32.8 and 81 ppm, respectively. Its acaricidal activity varied according to the temperature at which it was tested. Activity at a low temperature (15°C) was higher than that at a high temperature (30°C). Phenothiocarb was very effective against not only a susceptible strain but also the dicofol or benzoximate resistant strains of P. citri. In field trials conducted for 3 years phenothiocarb sprayed at a concentration of 233-500 ppm showed an efficacy equal to dicofol and amitraz for the control of citus red mite. The control effect in the field was better in autumn than in summer.
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Jun TAGAWA, Hideo KITANO
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
345-350
Published: November 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Mating behaviour of Apanteles glomeratus in a cabbage field was observed. In general, males initially emerged from the cocoon cluster. Males stayed on or near the cluster exhibiting wing vibration and antennal movement : More than half of the males was observed near the cluster for at least 5 minutes. The evidence suggested that a sex pheromone existed in cocoons and attracted males of the same- and from the other- cocoon cluster. The cocoon clusters left in the field for more than 5 days and after washing with ether lost their attractive ability for males. The active space of pheromone was about 10 cm in radius. Females after emergence walked several cm from the cluster and stood still where they were enocountered by searching males. Mating took place within 5 min. after the emergence of the female. Females after mating flew away, and males again began searching. Ratio of sib-matings in A. glomeratus was about 60%. Inbreeding was considered to be natural in this species.
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Katsumi TOGASHI, Hiromitsu MAGIRA
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
351-361
Published: November 25, 1981
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The adults of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus HOPE, emerged from mid June to late July. Ten pairs from the early, middle, and late periods of emergence were reared in field cages, and the age-specific fecundity and survival rate were investigated. Mean fecundity diminished as the time of emergence was delayed, a result of the decrease in both the fecundity and longevity of the females. The remarkable decrease in fecundity of the late-emerged females was attributed both to sterile females, which amounted to about forty percent, and to the death of the fertile females in the early stages of adult life. Mean fecundity shown by the 3 caged populations was 86.2. The sex ratio of adult was 0.5. Thus, the net reproduction rate (R
0) was estimated as 26.9 when the survival rate past immature stages was 0.623 (in Ishikawa Prefecture) and as 12.5 when the survival rate was 0.289 (in Kochi Prefecture).
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Kazuo HIRAI
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
362-366
Published: November 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The male limabean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella TREITSCHKE, has a pair of brush-organs on the thorax and on sternite 8, and a scale mass on each of the antennae. The brush-organs on the thorax and the scale mass on the antennae are characteristic of the Phycitinae among the Heterocera. The brush-organs on the thorax arise from the top of a slender sclerotized plate diverging from the episternum of the metathorax, close to the bases of the hindwings. The brushes are white and ca. 3 mm in length. Normally the brushues are hidden between the meso- and metathorax, but they are probably exposed during male courthip, when the male raises his abdomen towards the abdominal end of a calling female. The brushes consist of three types of scales : long, short and cover-like scales. Long scales in the center of the brushes are considered disseminators of males scent because of their porous surface and mesh-like internal structure. The brushes on sternite 8 are extruded, and the scale mass on the antennae touches a calling female, during courtship, but no pores could be found on the surface of either scales. Thus, they seem to have other functions insetead of disseminators of male scent.
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Ken YOSHIKAWA
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
367-373
Published: November 25, 1981
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The seasonal changes in number of adults attracted to Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) bait logs were observed for the pine bark weevils, Shirahoshizo spp. (including S. pini, S. rufecens and S. insidiosus). From the dissection of the males collected on bait logs, almost all were S. rufecens. The ration of the number of adults in copulation to the total number observed on the bait log indicated that the adults of Shirahoshizo spp. seemed to copulate more frequently on thick bark conditions than thin bark ones. Flying weevils were attracted for about one and one-half months. The seasonal changes in number of attracted adults on each bait log showed some similarities among some bait logs. The corrrelation coefficients of these fluctuation patterns between each bait log were calculated. Although the attracted patterns in a group of logs resembling their bark conditions showed similar trend, the dendrogram of these coefficients showed remarkable differences among log groups in these patterns. The contagious distribution pattern of the accumulated number of adults on bait logs showed that the log with thin bark had some unfavourable parts on the surface that the adults avoided in favor of other parts.
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Nobuhiko SUZUKI, Yasuhisa KUNIMI
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
374-385
Published: November 25, 1981
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The dispersal and survival rates of adult females of Hyphantria cunea were investigated in the field using the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) as a marker. The survival rate of adult females until oviposition was estimated to be 31.38 percent. Maximum and minimum distances traversed were 188 and 1.25 m, respectively. Of moths which deposited eggs, 90 and 95 percents were found inside circles with a radius of 37.1 and 70.6 m from the release point, respectively. The females flew less actively within the mulberry field where the adults were released, and once the females flew out of this mulberry field, they flew more actively than they had within the mulberry field. The adult female fight direction was slightly influenced by the wind. Females preferred to oviposit on host plants in thick vegetation. A heavy wing load inhibited long-distance flight by female moths. The new marking method using NPV as a marker can be effectively applied to the species, wich allows for the transovum transmission of pathogen in natural conditions, because of the gregarious habits of the young larvae.
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Toshihiko HUKUHARA, Yutaka KURIHARA
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
386-394
Published: November 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The musculature of the larval midgut of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, is composed of outer set of longitudinal muscle fibers and inner set of circular muscle fibers. The circular muscle fibers are closely approximated and their plasma membranes are occasionally seen to be in close apposition. The muscle fibers are elongate uninucleate cells with a single myofibril in their sarcoplasm. The sarcomeres are divisible into A-, I-, H- and Z-bands. In the A-band region 12 thin myofilaments surround each thick myofilament. In fully contracted muscle fibers, the Z-band material is completely broken up into separate masses with spaces between them and there is an interdigitation of thick myofilaments from adjacent sarcomeres across these spaces. the sarcoplasmic reticulum frequently constitutes surface dyads with the plasma membrane but rarely associates with the transverse tubular system in the dyad configuration. The tracheal tissue appears to be the only cellular element that occurs in the interior of the musculature. Basal-granulated cells occur in the midgut epithelial layer.
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Tetsuo HOSHIKAWA
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
395-405
Published: November 25, 1981
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Field examinations were made to determine the more important colony factors influencing the hunting activity of Polistes chinensis antennalis PEREZ. The degree of hunting activity was directly proportional to the number of workers. Low hunting activity before emergence of the first workers was due partly to solitariness of foundresses and partly to their low hunting efficiency as compared with that of workers. Hunting activity increased with an increase in the number of the 3rd to 5th instar larvae after the first workers emerged. Age polytehism among workers was observed. Rapid increase of the hunting activity was due partly to their high hunting efficiency enhanced by the age polyethism until the emergence of the first males. The hunting activity decreased after the emergence of the first males partly because the number of larvae decreased owing to cannibalism by adults and partly because workers devoted more labor to collecting liquid food than to hunting. It is concluded that the number of larvae has a great effect on the hunting activity of workers, but that the number of reproductives also has an effect on it.
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Hiroo KANNO
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
406-411
Published: November 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Diel activity rhythms of mating behaviours in the rice stem borer moth, Chilo suppressalis WALKER, were studied under various conditions of light-dark cycles at 25°C and 15°C. The mating time shifted later with a shortening of the photoperiod. The distribution of mating time in the scotophase was spread more widely under a short photoperiod than under a longer one. The mating time at 25°C shifted more with varying photoperiods than it did at 15°C. The mean calling time also shifted later with a shortening of the photoperiod, as well as that in mating. The degree of the calling shift at 25°C was larger than that at 15°C. The periodicity of male sexual response to the female sex pheromone extracts in 8L-16D also shifted later than that in 16L-8D.
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Sumio NAGASAWA, Masahiko KONDO
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
412-418
Published: November 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The mixtures of furamethrin and piperonyl butoxide in acetone were applied topically to adults of the housefly, Musca domestica L. The dosage-mortality relations were analysed by fitting a mathematical model proposed by HEWLETT (1969) to the data, y=a+b
1 log z
1+b
2z
2/(c+z
2) where y is probit mortality, z
1=100×dose of furamethrin, and z
2=dose of piperonyl but-oxide; a, b
1, b
2 and c are parameters. The model was fairly applicable to the data, and a mixture with an indefinitely large ratio of piperonyl butoxide was estimated to be 9.35 times as toxic as furamethrin alone.
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Fujio KADONO
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
419-422
Published: November 25, 1981
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Two new species of economically important eriophyid mites in Japan were described and illustrated : Trisetacus abietivagrans from Abies sachalinensis (FR. SCHM.) MASTERS in Hokkaido and Eriophyes chibaensis from the pear in Honshu.
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Shigeharu KURIBAYASHI
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
423-431
Published: November 25, 1981
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Exposure of silkworm larvae to sub-lethal doses of organophosphorus insecticides such as parathion and disulfoton, induced specific ovicidal action on their subsequent eggs. The embryos of eggs laid developed to the stage just before or just after hatching and then died. Although embryonic respiration and cholinesterase activity of affected eggs were almost normal, approximately 2 days before anticipated hatching, abnormalities appeared. About 2.7 ng parathion (4.8 ppm/egg weight) or about 3.6 ng disulfoton (6.6 ppm/egg weight) were transferred from the maternal body to the egg, this is equal to the lethal dose for hatched larva. Based on our results we suggest that some of the chemical agent entered the female body during the larval stage, became residual due to the absence of neutralization or excretion, was transferred to the egg during egg formation, and subsequently inhibited the embryonic cholinesterase activity, resulting in death just prior to hatching or death just after hatching.
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Toshiaki IKESHOJI, Yukio ISHIKAWA, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
432-442
Published: November 25, 1981
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Twnety-eight derivatives of dipropyl disulfide and ethyl acetate were screened for ovipositional attractancy and EAG responses of the onion fly. There was no correlation between the fly's EAG responses and the ovipositional attractancy of the tested compounds. Ethanol, propanol, methyl acetate, dipropyl ether and propyl chloride, which more or less resemble the disulfide in their physico-chemical characteristics, could synergize the disulfide at certain mixing rations. Further EAG studies with these synergistic mixtures suggested that ethyl acetate works on the same sensillum and receptor sites as the disulfide to synergize the ovipositional attractancy. Propanol, on the other hand, was postulated to stimulate a separate sensillum from that of the disulfide, because the EAG response to the mixture was additive. The ternary mixtures of the synergistic compounds and the disulfide, however, did not yield any attractancy in spite of causing the highest EAG responses, which were formulated as such. It was concluded that the EAG provides no adequate means for screening the attractive compounds and their mixtures.
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Hideo UEMATSU
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
443-450
Published: November 25, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The ovipositional behavior of a gregarious external parasitoid, Euplectrus kuwanae, was studied in the laboratory. The parasitoid females began oviposition on the third day after emergence. An adult female attacked seven to nine host larvae for oviposition and laid an average of 96 eggs during its life time. However, the fecundity decreased considerably when the female parasitoid was given only already parasitized hosts. Number of eggs deposited on a single host varied with host size. When the host was large, 18 or more eggs were usually laid as a cluster by a female parasitoid; for a host lighter than 10 mg, on the contrary, the cluster size was as small as six eggs. The parasitoid had an ability to modify the sex ratio of the progeny according to the host size, i.e., the larger the host size, the larger the proportion of fertilized eggs to all the eggs laid by the female became. These abilities allowed E. kuwanae to utilize the host resources efficiently. When healthy and parasitized hosts were exposed to the parasitoid at the same time, the parasitoid sometimes attacked the parasitized host and destroyed the eggs existing on it before laying its own eggs.
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Shingo OYA, Akio SATO
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
451-457
Published: November 25, 1981
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In order to find a clue to the causes of insect resistance in rice varieties, feeding habits and honeydew components of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps UHLER, were compared for resistant and susceptible varieties. The leafhopper excreted as much honeydew on resistant varieties as on susceptible varieties. The honeydew form resistant varieties contained a small amount of sugars, whereas the honeydew from susceptible varieties contained 0.36% of sugars as glucose which was composed of four kinds of sugars. The results suggested that the leafhopper was unable to suck the phloem sap of resistant varieties. Stylet sheaths were terminated both in xylem and in sieve tubes on resistant varieties. The proportion of stylet sheaths terminated in the sieve tube was significantly smaller for resistant varieties, although the leafhopper made more probing punctures, 2.4-3.4 times as many on resistant varieties as on the susceptible variety. Thus, the number of stylet sheaths terminated in the sieve tube per unit time became similar for resistant and susceptible varieties. It is reasonable to conclude that the antibiosis and non-preference of resistant varieties are respondible for the inability of the leafhopper to suck the phloem sap, even when the insect inserts its stylet into the sieve tube.
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Koji HORI
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
458-466
Published: November 25, 1981
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Some properties of protease in the midgut of the adult horn fly, Haematobia irritans L., were clarified and compared with those of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. In the horn fly the protease was most active at 45°C and pH 8.5, while in the stable fly it was most active at 45°C and pH 9.5. The proteases of both species were inhibited by more cations at pH 9.5 than at pH 8.5 or 8.0. The activities of trypsin-like enzyme were suppressed only by Hg
++ and Zn
++, while those of aminopeptidase were inhibited by various cations including Mg
++, cysteine and ascorbic acid.
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Keiichi HONDA
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
467-471
Published: November 25, 1981
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A variety of exogenous physical factors such as width (or diameter), curvature and surface texture of the pupational substrate and relative humidity were found to exert significant influences on pupal color determination in Papilio protenor, though none of them was a major determinant. Green pupae tended to be formed in larger proportion when pupation occurred on narrower, curved or smoother substrates or at higher relative humidity.In conclusion, a pupal coloration is very likely to be determined by a reciprocal balance of intensity of environmental stimuli (physical and chemical) experienced by pupating larvae.
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Hirosi SUGIYAMA, Hiroshi MORIYAMA, Hajime SHIGEMATSU
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
472-476
Published: November 25, 1981
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Carbamate insecticides caused an elevation in the concentration of hydroxyphenyl compounds in the heamolymph of the silkworm of the silkworm larva at treatment with a lower dose. A specific accumulation of HPLA (p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid) was evident in the silkworm.
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Ishizue ADACHI
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
477-486
Published: November 25, 1981
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A laboratory experiment was carried out to compare the effects of larval density between two congeneric sawflies, Arge nipponensis ROHWER and A. nigrinodosa MOTSCHULSKY. The former lives in scattering, and the latter in aggregation in the larval stage.In A. nipponensis crowded rearing resulted in a high mortality rate, though there was no clear relationship between this and the larval density. In A. nigrinodosa, the artificial isolation of larvae did not result in high mortality and prolonged development. This species was considered to be rather peculiar among gregarious insects.Although the modes of their larval life are quite different, there were no appreciable differences between the two species in density-related changes of many characters such as the number of instars and the growth ratio in weight.
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Eiichi SHIBATA
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
487-489
Published: November 25, 1981
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Yukio ISHIKAWA, Toshiaki IKESHOJI, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO, Masaaki TSUTSU ...
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
490-493
Published: November 25, 1981
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Hiroshi ABE, Yayoi TERAMOTO, Taira ICHINOSE
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
493-496
Published: November 25, 1981
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Sadao WAKAMURA
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
496-499
Published: November 25, 1981
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Yoshiomi KATO, Sakae SAKATE
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
499-500
Published: November 25, 1981
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Michihiro KOBAYASHI, Shigemi KAWASE
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
501-502
Published: November 25, 1981
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Koji HORI
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
503-504
Published: November 25, 1981
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Ken-ichiro YAMADA, K. E. SHERMAN, K. MARAMOROSCH
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
504-505
Published: November 25, 1981
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Masashi UGAKI, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO, Toshio SHONO, Akio KUDAMATSU
1981 Volume 16 Issue 4 Pages
506-509
Published: November 25, 1981
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