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Masashi UGAKI, Takashi ABE, Jun-ichi FUKAMI, Toshio SHONO
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
447-455
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The property of nonspecific esterases and acetylcholinesterases was studied in organophosphate (OP)-susceptible (SRS), OP-resistant (Akita and Yume) and OP-selected (Akita-f and Yume-m) strains of the housefly, Musca domestica L. Housefly head esterases were separated into six molecular species (I-VI) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their activity was assayed using indoxyl acetate and acetylthiocholine as substrate. Esterases II and VI, which were classified as nonspecific esterases, clearly increased their indoxyl acetate activity with development of resistance. The other esterases did not change their activity. Esterases I, III and IV, which were identified as acetylcholinesterases, decreased their sensitivity to OP inhibition with development of resistance. The OP sensitivity of nonspecific esterases was little changed.
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Minoru ISHII, Toshitaka HIDAKA
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
456-463
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Pupal Diapause in the univoltine papilionid, Luehdorfia japonica, is terminated by a short day (less than about 15 hr) and a moderate temperature (14 to 25°C). However, adult eclosion rarely occurs in individuals kept under a short day at 20°C. To elucidate the factor inducing adult emergence, pupae of this papilionid were subjected to a humidity change, an increase in photoperiod or a low temperature after termination of the 'first' diapause. Adult emergence was observed in most individuals experiencing a low temperature of 4 or 10°C for 90 days after being kept under a 20°C-12L-12D condition for 30, 60 or 90 days following pupation. Irrespective of the duration of the pre-chilling period, the chilled insects underwent adult eclosion about 2 weeks after transfer to a 20°C condition. A short (30-day) chilling, in contrast, retarded adult emergence. The results demonstrate that the pupae of this papilionid enter a second (winter) diapause after termination of the first diapause.
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Kimito FURUTA
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
464-474
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Larvae of gypsy moth were placed on trees in forests and the foraging behavior of P. jadwigae was observed. The wasp showed aggregative response to the prey populations. When there were 50 or more larvae in the study plots, the number of the wasps foraging in the plot increased linearly day by day, and all of them succeeded in capturing larvae. The number of larvae disappearing in a day showed linear relationship with the number of wasps seen in a 15min period at the same place. Most of the wasps shuttled between their nests and the foraging site and spent about 21 min in capturing a larva and feeding their own larvae. When fewer larvae were placed, not all the wasps succeeded in capturing a larva, and the time spent for foraging was about 1.2 times longer. One hundred larvae which were placed at 17 plots in four forests showed a very high mortality rate in a 10 day period. Polistes wasps seemed to have foraged for the larvae at 16 of the 17 plots or sub-plots.
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Hiroshi HAMA, Akio HOSODA
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
475-485
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The effect of three synergists on the toxicity of three insecticides was determined and some biochemical characteristics were compared among several strains of the brown planthopper. Aliesterase activity was proportional to the resistance level to malathion and fenitrothion. Aliesterase activity was inhibited by IBP in the order of 10X
-8M, and IBP exhibited highly synergistic activity with malathion and fenitrothion but not with propoxur. There was no clear difference in glutathione S-transferase activity among strains evaluated. Piperonyl butoxide did not show any synergistic activity with malathion, fenitrothion or propoxur. Low sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase was found in the resistant strains and selection with propoxur resulted in an increase in the frequency of individuals having this tendency, along with an increase in the resistance level to propoxur.
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Toshihiko IIZUKA, Robert M. FAUST, Michio OHBA
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
486-494
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Four strains of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis (serotype H 10) were compared by scanning electron microscopy for morphological differences in parasporal crystal architecture, for differences in toxicity spectra, and by agarose gel electrophoresis of cell lysates for plasmid DNA content. While all of the strains harbored a common large plasmid (107.15 megadaltons, Mdal) other differences in crystal morphology, toxicity and plasmid array were in most cases distinctive. Strains 73-E-10-2 and 73-E-10-16 produced spheroidal-shaped crystals, were toxic to dipteran but not lepidopteran larvae, and harbored four similar plasmids of the following approximate molecular weights : 3.30, 8.95, 9.47 and 107.15 Mdal. The reference strain produced rhomboidal-shaped crystals, were toxic to lepidopteran but not dipteran larvae, and contained only one plasmid with a mass of 107.15 Mdal. Strain 74-E-37-14 produced diamond-shaped crystals with concaved surface, were not toxic to dipteran or lepidopteran larvae and harbored two plasmids with approximate masses of 7.78 and 107.15 Mdal. The importance of these strains to genetic studies on crystal inclusion production is discussed.
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Kazuo HOSHIKAWA
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
495-503
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Among three host races of Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata, adults of two races distributed in Hokkaido show a mass feeding on Panax japonicus which is not their natural host plant. Causes of the mass feeding were analysed. Results suggested that feeding incitant factor(s) are produced by a mass effect, and that feeding stimulant(s) in leaves of the plant make the ladybirds continue to feed. The other race distributed in Honshu did not represent the mass feeding, probably due to insusceptibility to the stimulants. Although the ladybird could grow with the plant, the adults reared with it in larval stage did not show much shift in their food preference.
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Shigeo KONDO
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
504-510
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Monthly survey on chironomid midges was carried out by light trap during two years from April 1978 to March 1980 in eight reservoirs of Nagoya City and suburbs. Most of chironomid midges emerged during six months from May to October in each reservoir. Proportions of two tribes on Chironominae were remarkably different between urban and suburban reservoirs. In suburban reservoirs, the dominant rate of Tanytarsini was approximately twice as large as Chironomini. As for Chironomini, twelve genera and thirty-four species were identified in eight reservoirs. Species composition and abundance were also considerably different between urban and suburban reservoirs. On Cricotopus, the dominant rates in urban reservoirs were larger than those in suburban reservoirs. It was suggested that these variations were caused by various environmental factors : water quality, vegetation and morphometrical feature of reservoir.
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Makoto HATTORI, Akio SATO
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
511-516
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Mating of the limabean pod borer moth, Etiella zinckenella, occurred mainly from 3 to 5 hr after light-off at 25°C with a photoperiod of 16 hr. The greatest number of moths copulated the 3rd day after emergence. In 8 days, 90% had copulated. The total number of eggs laid per female was 70.8 and 112.9 in the 1981 experiments, respectively. Mated females laid eggs actively during the 1st hr after light-off, with laying decreasing thereafter. Delay in mating did not result in reduced fecundity and short preoviposition period but in prolonged longevity. About 55% of the mated females started oviposition the day following mating, and the remaining started from 2 to 9 days later. The females tended to deposit a constant number of about 20 eggs every day during the oviposition period, although there was a large variation among individual females in the ovipositional pattern.
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Yuji SHINODA, Tatsuoki IGUCHI, Hiroshi YAMAGUCHI
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
517-524
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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In order to evaluate the insecticidal effect of permethrin and phthalthrin vapor on cockroaches, an apparatus was invented to keep constant the pyrethroids' concentration in air and provide a pyrethroid vapor or mist strong enough to knock down cockroaches. A relationship between the pyrethroid concentration in the air and KTX
50 obtained by using this apparatus revealed a certain curve which has a point of inflection at a concentration around 100 μg/l. These relation curves gave a vivid account of the characteristic of each insecticide. Phthalthrin's remarkable KD effect upon cockroaches occurred in its higher concentration in ari, while permethrin showed prominent kill and KD effects through a wide concentration range. In all of these tests male cockroaches were more susceptible than female.
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Akio TAKAFUJI, Nobuo MORIMOTO
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
525-532
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Diapause attributes and seasonal occurrences were studied on the two populations of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (MCGREGOR) occurring in two pear orchards (Sairyuji and Momoezuki) in the southern part of Okayama Prefecture. Both of the populations consisted of a mixture of diapausing and non-diapausing individuals in autumn but the proportion of each was different. The Momoezuki popoulation started with eggs which overwintered within the orchard. The population increased during the summer reaching a peak in mid-August, but the density in autumn was low. The majority of the individuals in this population were diapausing. In contrast, no mites occurred in Sairyuji until the end of August but then the population rapidly increased to a peak in mid-October. The initial population in this orchard started with non-diapausing individuals which were likely immigrants from the neighboring citrus orchard, and the majority of the individuals of this population were nondiapausing.
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Jun MITSUHASHI
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
533-539
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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A continuous cell line was obtained from the culture of fat bodies which had been taken from a female larva of the common armyworm, Leucania separata, and designated as NIAS-LeSe-11. The cell line consisted primarily of spherical cells. The karyotype was typical of lepidopteran cell lines and the chromosome numbers flucuated widely. Population doubling time was about 48 hr at 25°C, . The cells could be stored at 5°C for 3 months and at -70°C for more than two years. They were susceptible to Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Chilo iridescent virus.
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Hajime FUGO, Hiromichi NAGASAWA, Akinori SUZUKI
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
540-544
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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In order to compare the eclosion hormone activity between two different species of lepidoptera, eclosion hormmone (EH) extracted from adult heads of Bombyx mori or Samia cynthia ricini was subjected to the bioassay to induce precocious adult eclosion. By performing reciprocal injection of the EH in both species, the authors demonstrated that Bombyx crude EH can induce the precocious eclosion of the pharate-adult of the Samia, while Samia crude EH has the same effect to the pharate adults of Bombyx. The hormonal activities were not reduced throughout the several purification steps in both cases. Necessary amount of EH to induce the precocious eclosion in more than 50% of the assayed pharate-adults of Bombyx mori was equivalent to 3 heads in Bombyx and dquivalent to 2.5 heads in Samia. The results may suggest that eclosion hormone is not species-specific, so far as two lepidopteran species used in the present experiments are concerned.
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Yasuyuki SHIROTA, Masahiro SANADA, Sinzo MASAKI
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
545-549
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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A balloon (260 cm in diameter) with five eyespots (60 cm in diameter) was raised in a peach orchard and a vineyard to scare gray starlings (Sturnus cineraceus). The starlings were kept away from the ripening fruit. An operation period of only 2 weeks was enough to protect the harvest.
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Toshiro ASAI, Minoru FUKADA, Sadafumi MAEKAWA, Ken'ichi IKEDA, Hideo K ...
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
550-552
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Kazuhiro MATSUDA
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
552-554
Published: November 25, 1983
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Toshiaki SHIMIZU, Jun-ichi FUKAMI
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
554-557
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Alice Girgis ANTONIOUS, Tetsuo SAITO
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
557-559
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Kiyoshi NAKAMUTA
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
559-561
Published: November 25, 1983
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Shigeru KIMURA, Jun MITSUHASHI
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
561-563
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Tadashi MIYATA, Hiroaki NODA
1983 Volume 18 Issue 4 Pages
563-564
Published: November 25, 1983
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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