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Ryoichi HAMADA
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
363-371
Published: November 25, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The distribution of released male adults of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, was not the same in three directions from the release point. This bias seemed to depend on the habitat selection of melon flies because there was a linear relationship between the number of released flies caught and that of wild flies caught. The mean dispersal distance ranged from 50 m to 90 m and there were no remarkable differences in the values among groups which were allowed to disperse for different periods. Flies released at one point reached a stable distribution pattern in two or three days after their release. Another group of flies released at a different point, where the environment was less favourable to melon flies, showed a wider range of dispersal. It was concluded that in planning the arrangement of release points for the sterile male technique, a preliminary survey is needed to determine whether habitats favourable to the insect, that is, areas of high population density, exist continuously or not. A preliminary test to assess the influence of γ-irradiation of dispersal showed that the dosage of 10000 R reduced the dispersing ability of male adults of the melon fly.
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Hiroo KANNO
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
372-377
Published: November 25, 1980
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The effects of light-intensity and temperature on mating of the rice stem borer moth, Chilo suppressalis Walker, were investigated. The threshold-light-intensity for mating initiation varies with temperature. At as high a temperature as 30°C, mating was inhibited by a feeble light greater than 5 lux, but the threshold-light-intensity for mating initiation shifted higher rapidly with decreasing temperature, such as ca. 65 lux at 25°C, ca. 180 lux at 20°C, ca. 600 lux at 15°C. Also, mating was initiated by decrease of temperature within certain restricted light-intensity without light-off stimulation. This phenomenon seems to be evidence for the previous description that the threshold-light-intensity for mating initiation is varied by temperature. These results suggest that one of the resons of the seasonal variation of mating time is attributed to changing sensitivity of moths to light according to temperature to which they are exposed.
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Jutaro HIRAO, Hitoshi INOUE
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
378-384
Published: November 25, 1980
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After a 1-day acquisition access period sequential transfers of nfective Nephotettix virescens to rice seedlings at 30-min intervals for 15 hr indicated an intermittent or erratic pattern of transmission of rice waika virus. The transmission frequency of individual insects averaged 6.3, ranging from 1 to 16 out of 30 transfers. When infective N. virescens were transferred at 1-hr intervals for 15 hr, most of the insects displayed a similar intermittent or erratic transmission, although a few insects were consistent transmitters. Transmission frequency averaged 7.4, ranging from 2 to 15. Frequency of transmission was less for N. cincticeps, although the pattern of transmission was nearly the same. There was no significant difference in the frequency of transmission between 30-min and 1-hr trnasfer intervals for N. virescens. When different numbers of seedlings were given to a single insect in a tube, an increase in the number of seedlings exposed to the insects did not always result in a corresponding increase in the number of seedlings that became infected.
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Tyuzi KUSANO, Hidebumi SATO
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
385-391
Published: November 25, 1980
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The Stimulating activity of twenty eight sugars and related compounds have been tested behaviorally on the tarsal chemoreceptors of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora BOISDUVAL. Among these, D-fructose, L-fucose and sucrose showed strong stimulating activity, but the females showed higher levels of response than the males to these sugars. Based on the RC
50 for these three sugars, the following series of stimulating effectivenes is obtained : L-fucose>sucrose>D-fructose. Furthermore, from the tarsal response to D-fructose and related compounds, to raffinose, and to sucrose, it is suggested that there is stringent specificity in the relationship between the stimulating ability of D-fructose and the chemoreceptors of the cabbage butterfly. Only the three sugars, L-fucose, D-fructose and sucrose, showed very higher intake amount than other sugars. The intake amount of all other sugars was about equal to or larger than that of water. Therefore, it is concluded that L-fucose, D-fructose and sucrose have higher stimulating activity to the tarsal, proboscis-tip and internal chemoreceptors. Based on these results, relationship between the stimulating activity of sugars and kinds of specific gustatory receptor site is discussed. Although L-fucose showed the highest stimulating effectiveness on the tarsal and apparently on proboscis-tip and internal chemoreceptors, its nutritive value was very low.
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Shingo OYA
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
392-399
Published: November 25, 1980
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Nephotettix cincticeps UHLER inserted its stylets mostly into both the vessel and sieve tube of rice plants. The frequency of honeydew excretion and honeydew components were closely related to the sucking sites in the vascular bundle tissues. The honeydews excreted frequently at the rate of 426-930 droplets per hour (or 21.3-46.5 μl/hr) contained no sugar. They seemed to be derived from the xylem sap. On the contrary, the honeydew droplets containing both sugars and amino acids were excreted less frequently, e.g., 18-113 droplets per hour (0.9-5.7 μl/hr), which seemed to be derived from the phloem sap. Percentages of sucking times on the phloem and xylem were about 70 and 30%, respectively. The total amount of honeydews excreted by a single female adult per day on rice seedlings averaged 235 μl at 25°C. Four kinds of sugars and at least two kinds of amino acids were detected in the honeydew. The total sugar and amino acid concentration in the honeydew varied widely from 0.34 to 0.95% as glucose and 0.002% or less as leucine, respectively, since the honeydews deposited consisted of two kinds of droplets originated from the xylem and phloem sap. A single adult female discharged about 1 mg of sugars and less than 4 μg of amino acids per day.
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Taira ICHINOSE, Koh ZENNYOJI
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
400-408
Published: November 25, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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A viscous secretion accumulates on the 6th and 7th tergites and the dorsal surface of cerci in both nymphs of Periplaneta fuliginosa and P. japonica when they are reared alone or in a low population density per container. It was scarcely found in the nymph of P. americana and not in adults of any of these 3 species. The nymphs of the former tow species with viscous secretion exhibited an active and characteristic defensive behavior against aggressive ants of Formica exsecta fukaii. This was found to be a means of splashing droplets of the secretion over some distance, making ants hepless instantly. On the other hand, the nymph of P. americana which has no or little secretion did not exhibit such a behavior, and was attacked and seriously injured by the ants.The viscous secretion consists principally of a protein, low or lacking in sulfur, and contains no noxious component. The dorsal glands had no relation to the secretion. The soruce of the secretion seemed to be the hypodermal cells corresponding to the viscous regions since the painting of each of them with bond completely prevented its accumulation. On these secretory regions, there were found a number of peculiar stout hairs.
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Takeru SATO, Nobuhiko OHO, Shigehiro KODOMARI
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
409-415
Published: November 25, 1980
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Pathogenicity and mass-production method of a granulosis virus of the tea tortrix, Homona magnanima DIAKNOFF were studied, Capsules were oval in shape and had an average size of about 385×220 nm. The virus rods within the capsules were about 200×55 nm in size. None of the trotricid larvae of the 6 species used in the cross-transmission study, except for the tea tortrix larvae, were infected with the virus. The original inoculum showed a high infectivity to the newly hatched larvae of the tea tortrix. The susceptibility of the larva to the virus decreased with the larval development. Mass-production of the virus was successful using a modified method for producing the granulosis virus of Adoxophyes orana fasciata. With scanning electron microscope, the capsules were observed to be attached on the surfaces of the egg-shells which were treated with so-called egg-mass dipping method. The rates of infection of the larvae hatched from the treated egg-masses depended on the concentration of inoculum. The moderate larval density for mass-production in the rearing container (28×20×6 cm) is considered to be about 100 mature larvae.
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Junko NISHITSUTSUJI-UWO, Yasuhisa ENDO
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
416-424
Published: November 25, 1980
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The relative roles of spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis in toxicity to Pieris rapae (fourth instars), Lymantria dispar (fourth and sixth instars) and Ephestia cautella (fourth instars) were studied using absolutely pure spores and crystals.Spore-free pure crystals and its extract alone showed high toxicity even to Ephestia which has very low susceptibitity to this bacterium. Although spores were far less toxic than crystals, the presence of spores enhanced the toxicity of crystals more than twofold. Mixtures of B. thuringiensis crystals and B subtilis spores produced the same mortality as crystals alone, although B. subtilis spores as well as B. thuringiensis spores germinated and subsequently proliferated vigorously in the gut. Under the presence of antibiotics, no lethal effect of B. thuringiensis spores was observed. It is concluded that the presence of spores is not essential in the killing of any insects by δ-endotoxin. No systemic infection was found in diseased living larvae following any of our experimental treatments.
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Kazutoshi NAKASANO
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
425-432
Published: November 25, 1980
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The gonad development in the female of Rotylenchulus reniformis (parthenognenetic) was examined by staining the larvae with acid fuchsin lactophenol or 1% acetic orcein. The female reproductive system, amphidelphic type, was originated from a genital primordium comprising two epithelial and two germinal nuclei in the second stage larva. Development of gonads proceeded with divisions of the epithelial nuclei during the molting period of each larval stage. Remarkable increase in size of divided epithelial nuclei occurred in the time prior to molting of the third stage. Four specialized ventral chord nuclei became visible immediately after the second molt. The first division of the germinal nuclei took place after the completion of the fourth (final) molt. All parts of the female reproductive system were not completely established even at the stage following the final molt. The terminal nuclei (cap cell nuclei) of gonads appeared to repeat divisions still in the third molt, in contrast to that of other related species.
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Hitoshi INOUE, Jutaro HIRAO
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
433-438
Published: November 25, 1980
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Increasing the temperature and lengthening the acquisition access period improved the ability of Nephotettix cincticeps UHLER to acquire rice waika virus. Acquisition efficiency significantly increased up to a 24-hr access period and from 20 to 25°C. The maximum rate of transmission was obtained with a 48-hr acquisition access period at 30°C. Similarly, a greater efficiency of inoculation was obtained at higher temperature. In sequential transfer tests, temperature altered virus retention in the adults from only 1.5 days at 30°C to approximately 7 days at 15°C. When overwintering nymphs (late-instar) were examined, the maximum retention period increased to 3 weeks at 0-7°C. The rate of loss of infectivity by the vector showed nearly the same trend at alternating temperatures of 15 to 30 °C and 30 to 15°C at 12-hr transfer intervals as at 30°C constant temperature.
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Toshiaki MIYADAI, Okitsugu YAMASHITA
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
439-446
Published: November 25, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The developing ovary from the pharate adults of the silkworm, Bombyx mori was incubated in vitro with the modified Wyatt's modium, and the effects of diapause hormone on trehalase activity were surveyed in this system. Trehalase activity began to increase in 3 hr and reached the maximum level at 12 hr after incubation with the hormone (DH-B). The dose response experiments showed that trehalase activity rose linearly against the logarithmic increase of DH-B doses from 0.5 μg/ml and a half-maximum effect of the hormone was found at 6×10
-7 M. Addition of adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate and guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate into the incubation medium did not cause any enhancement of trehalase activity. These suggest that the activation of trehalase in developing ovaries by the diapause hormone is direct but such stimulation of the enzyme is not simply mediated by cyclic nucleotides.
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Makoto YASUDA
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
447-457
Published: November 25, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Changes in the distribution pattern, sex radio and age-class structure of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (MCGREGOR), during the population growth were investigated on citrus saplings planted in the greenhouse and in the field.Distribution pattern of individuals of all stages of mites on a sapling was contagious but the adult females distributed more randomly than the other staegs. The sex ratio, ♀/♀+♂, was about 60-70% in the greenhouse and 70-80% in the field. The age-class structure fluctuated widely at the initial stage of the experiments and gradually stabilized. When the age-class structure stabilized, the ratio of eggs in the population was about 54% and 72% in the greenhouse and the field, respectively. This difference was considered to be due to high mortality in the early stage of the development in the field. Expected changes in the age-class structure with time were estimated by a LESLIE matrix using data on mortality and fertility obtained under laboratory conditions where temperature was kept constant. The expected fluctuation patterns of the age-class structure (damped oscillation and shorter cycle under higher temperature condition) were similar to the observed experimental results. Changes in theoretical stable age-class structures due to changes in the mortality and fertility schedule were investigated to evaluate the effect of mortality and fertility on the population dynamics of the mite.
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Kazuyoshi FUTAI
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
458-464
Published: November 25, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Two species of Bursaphelenchus nematode which were different in their pathogenicity to pine trees were inoculated onto the seedlings of Pinus thunbergii and P. densiflora, and dispersion and population density of both nematodes in the inculated seedlings were examined once a week for 8 weeks. Pathogenic B. lignicolus dispersed and propagated rapidly in all inoculated seedings of P. thunbergii but failed to disperse and propagate in some of the inoculated seedlings of P. densiflora. On the other hand, non-pathogenic B. mucronatus hardly propagated in both pines except in a few seedlings thought nematodes of this species could disperse as well as B. lignioclus. Rapid dispersion accompanied with propagation of nematodes always resulted in weakening or death of hosts irrespective of the species of pine and nematode examined, though a few dead seedlings without so many nematodes were observed 6-8 weeks after inoculation.
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Hiroo KANNO, Makoto HATTORI, Akio SATO, Sadahiro TATSUKI, Kyoichi UCHI ...
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
465-473
Published: November 25, 1980
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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In the rice stem borer moth, Chilo suppressalis WALKER, the influence of the sex pheromone components, Z-11-hexadecenal (Z-11-HDAL) and Z-13-octadecenal (Z-13-ODAL), and their eight structurally related compounds on sexual communication between male and female was studied under field conditions. Relatively good inhibition of male attraction could be achieved with most of the synthetic test compounds except acetates. Among test compounds, Z-11-HDAL, major component of the sex pheromone, and Z-5-hexadecene (Z-5-HD) were most effective as inhibitors on male attraction. These compounds have been shown to cause over 90 percent reduction of males caught in the traps baited with virgin females. In the mating suppression test, all of the four test compounds, sex pheromone components and hydrocarbons, significantly suppressed the mating. Z-11-HDAL and Z-5-HD and a highly suppressive effect on mating. It was also shown that the disruptive effect of Z-11-HDAL on male attraction was appaently higher than Z-5-HD although the release rate of Z-11-HDAL was lower than Z-5-HD in comparative field test. Nevertheless, it seems that Z-5-HD is more suitable for practical use than Z-11-HDAL, because of chemical stability and simplicity in the synthesis. Z-5-HD decreased injury to the plants when it was treated in wide areas.
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Lam Thi MY-YEN, Katsuhiko MATSUMOTO, Yoshitake WADA, Yasumasa KUWAHARA
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
474-477
Published: November 25, 1980
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Citral was demonstrated from the mold mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (SCHRANK) and identified as a minor component of the alarm pheromone. The relative abundance of citral was one-twelfth of neryl formate.
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Yasumasa KUWAHARA
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
478-485
Published: November 25, 1980
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The male-secreted possible sex pheromone of a pyralid moth, Aphomia gularis ZELLER were extracted using Porapak Q method. Two compounds were isolated and identified as β-phenetyl alcohol and (Z)-2, 6-nonadien-4-olide.
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Susumu TAKEDA
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
486-489
Published: November 25, 1980
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Haruhisa WAGO
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
489-491
Published: November 25, 1980
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Toshio SUZUKI, Koichi SUZUKI, Keiichiro MIYA
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
492-494
Published: November 25, 1980
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Sumino NAGASAWA, Mineyuki USHIROKITA, A. B. BORKOVEC, A. B. DEMILO
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
494-495
Published: November 25, 1980
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TAkaaki ITO, Chuji HIROSE
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
496-497
Published: November 25, 1980
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M. DONOVAN-PELUSO, S. S. WASTI, G. C. HARTMANN
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
498-499
Published: November 25, 1980
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S. TAKAHASHI, M. KAWARADANI, Y. SATO, M. SAKAI
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
499-501
Published: November 25, 1980
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Chisato HIRANO, Masaru TANOUCHI, Michio HORIIKE
1980 Volume 15 Issue 4 Pages
502-503
Published: November 25, 1980
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