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Article type: Cover
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Index
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Index
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Index
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Index
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Hiroshi Fujioka, Akira Sakai
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
115-
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Yutaka Oyama
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
116-123
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One of the most important applications of THz spectroscopy is the detection of organic molecular defects and its practical applications. Our THz light source, which is based on the differential frequency generation (DFG) via 2^<nd> order nonlinear optical process, is characterized in the widely frequency tunable (0.1-7THz) with high output power of 1.5W (20nJ maximum) capabilities. In this paper, sophisticated crystallinity evaluation of organic crystals will be shown by using the advanced coherent terahertz spectrometer
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S.-P. Cho, S. Kawano, J. Saitoh, K. Yamasaki, N. Tanaka
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
124-130
Published: October 31, 2007
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We have investigated the nucleation and evolution of Ge nanodots taking place while depositing Ge onto the Si (111) surfaces with ultrathin oxide films by using UHV in situ HRTEM in the profile-imaging geometry. Various types of growth phenomena such as nucleation, growth and coalescence of Ge nanodots were successfully observed. The results show that the growth of the Ge nanodots is dramatically rapid when their size reaches the size of a critical nucleus. Next, to improve resolution and quantitative accuracy, a spherical aberration (C_s) corrected HRTEM was applied to investigation of the Ge nanodots and the Ge nanodots/ultrathin oxide films/Si (111) interfaces. Then we have proposed a new structure model of the Ge nanodots epitaxially grown on the Si (111) surfaces with the ultrathin oxide films.
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Masahiko Hiraki, Noriyuki Igarashi, Ryuichi Kato, Yusuke Yamada, Naohi ...
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
131-138
Published: October 31, 2007
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Structural Biology provides vital information for understanding functions of molecular machineries of life. X-ray protein crystallography has been and will be a primary method of choice for elucidating atomic details of macromolecular complexes. Crystallization of proteins and their complexes remains one of the bottlenecks in structural studies and of date there are numerous groups around the globe who are developing new methods for crystallization and evaluation of protein crystals. This review starts with a short introduction on the principles of protein crystallization, followed by a description of recent developments for automation of protein crystallization, detection and evaluation by visible and UV light. We then discuss methodology to evaluate crystal quality by X-ray beams and ways to facilitate data collection from micro-crystal on synchrotron beam lines.
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Masamitu Takahasi
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
139-145
Published: October 31, 2007
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With the progress of molecular beam epitaxy, semiconductor nanostructures are evolving from quantum wells based on layer structures into more elaborated structures, such as quantum wires and dots. These one-or two-dimensional structures are characterized by the three-dimensional shape, internal strain and compositional distribution rather than the thickness and interfacial roughness. This article reviews the analysis of the shape, strain and chemical composition of self-assembled InAs/GaAs (001) quantum dots using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Further, in situ and real-time X-ray measurements during growth is described with the expectation that this technique will facilitate the control of quantum dot growth.
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Tetsuya Ishikawa
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
146-150
Published: October 31, 2007
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As one of the five 'Key Technology of National Importance', the X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) project was launched at the RIKEN Harima campus in 2006. This article presents a brief introduction of XFEL followed by discussion of how the facility will be used for crystal characterization.
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Arao Nakamura
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
151-158
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Interfacial properties of multiple-quantum well structures (MQW) and self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) have been investigated by means of cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (XSTM). XSTM has enabled us to separately identify step-like roughness and distributions of As atoms incorporated in the InP layer near the interface in InGaAs/InP MQWs. Growth interruption in the metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth process reduces considerably the roughness amplitude. In ZnSe/BeTe MQWs with a type-II band alignment, we have observed inversion of brightness between filled- and empty-state images, taken by switching the bias polarity of the sample bias voltage. This observation indicates changes in band offsets of conduction and valence bands between ZnSe and BeTe layers. XSTM images of InAs QDs grown by a double-capped method by MOVPE have clearly shown truncated pyramidal QDs with a monolayer-step height in the range of 6-14 monolayers. Top and bottom interfaces are extremely sharp, while on the side of the QDs segregation of As atoms is observed, which suggests the migration of As atoms by As/P exchange during the cap and etching processes in the double-cap procedure.
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Ichiro Sunagawa
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
159-166
Published: October 31, 2007
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In his treatise published in 1669 which has been regarded as the starting point of the law of the constancy of interfacial angles, N. Steno pointed out that rock crystals grew through inorganic process in aqueous solution, not by biological action in the earth, and that various crystal habits of rock crystals were determined by the growth rate anisotropy. This treatise is the starting point of the science of crystal growth. After this, single crystals of gemstones and piezoelectric materials were synthesized in laboratories, and atomic process of crystal growth, like adhesive type, layer growth and spiral growth mechanisms, smooth and rough interfaces, interface stability became understandable. It was however due to the emergence of semi-conductor industries, in which synthesis of large single crystals with controlled properties were desperately required, to realize the importance of much closer co-operation between basics and applications and theory and experiments in crystal growth. It was hoped internationally that a forum should be established to enable closer communication among scientists and engineers interested in crystal growth, whose results had been presented in different disciplines. In 1966, ICCG, IOCG was organized, followed by publication of Journal of Crystal Growth and organization of national association of crystal growth (NACG) in different countries. We may call activities before this as those of the 0^<th> generation, and after this as the 1^<st> generation. The first generation was very enthusiastic to create international and domestic community of crystal growth. In this paper, how crystal growth community has been developed in nearly a half century since then is historically explained, together with brief explanation of the author's personal research activities in fundamentals of crystal growth.
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
167-168
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
168-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
168-169
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
169-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
169-170
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
170-171
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
171-
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Koichi Kakimoto
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
172-173
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Etsuro Yokoyama
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
174-175
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Tomoya Ogawa
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Etsuro Yokoyama
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
177-179
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Minoru Imaeda
Article type: Article
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
180-181
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Article type: Bibliography
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Bibliography
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2007 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages
187-
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