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Volume 11 (1963)
- Issue 4 Pages 193-
- Issue 3 Pages 129-
- Issue 2 Pages 65-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 11, Issue 3
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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An Analysis of the 9th Graders' View of OccupationKeiko Hamada1963 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 129-141,189
Published: October 30, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhile most people are apt to think of occupationsas an expedient to get money and to enjoy leisure time, some are trying to find enjoyment on living by plunging into their present occupation. However, both of them lack the challenging attitude against their social situations, so both are conceived as characteristic views of occupation in mass society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the view of occupation of 9th graders in a junior high school by the questionnaire.
The results are as follows:
1) Pupils say they are not going to choose the occupations which seem easy to get much money, high social status and security. They choose the occupations which they think they will like and which are suitable for them.
2) When they are required to rank the 12 different occupations according to 8 criteria, the rank correlations reveal that their favorites are occupations which are easy to get much money, high social status and smartness, but which do not necessarily contribute to social and public welfare.
3) The pupils were classified into three groups according to social status; upper, middle and lower, mainly by their parents' occupations. Then class differences were examined. The levels of educational and occupational aspirations of the pupils correlate with the present status of the pupils. The future images of occupational life also show marked class differences.
4) The evaluations of the occupation that the pupils chose show no class difference. This can be interpreted that those who belong to the upper class evaluate their occupations not so high but “average” from their own frames of reference and those who belong to the lower class evaluate th eirs “average” from the frame of reference of the lower.
5) From some case studies, the pupils were classified into four types according to their attitudes toward the occupations and social situations; trying to adapt themselves rather voluntarily to their situations, to accept passively their situations, to challenge against their situations and hesitating which way they should take.
These results suggested that pupils consider only the personal function of the occupation, neglecting its social function. They are not trying to reform their social situations through their occupation.
Based on these results, the philosophy of vocational guidance presented in Gakushu-shido-yoryo (course of study published by the Ministry of Education) was severely criticized in detail.View full abstractDownload PDF (2201K) -
Yasumasa Miki, Giyoo Hatano, Keiko Kuhara, Sanae Inoue1963 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 142-151,186
Published: October 30, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study aims at revealing the effects of the unique interrelationship of identical twins on their personality formation.
Questionnaires, interviews and diary survey were administered to 100 pairs of junnior and senior high school twins; and questionnaires to their mothers. They were mainly intended to investigate the attitudes and feelings held with respect to each other. In order to compare, one of the questionnaires was also given to non-twin pupilps of the same schools, who were about 400 in number. The results were as follows:
(1) The awareness of partnership between twins was compared to that of siblings and close friends. As for females, relations of twins were tighter than those of siblings and friends. For males, the total score was the same, but partnership of twins was characterized by emotionality and indifferetiatedness, while, friendship was characterized by co-participation and task-orientatedness. This tendency of indifferentiatedness seems to be confined to identical twins.
(2) The relationship of female twins were much closer than those of male twins, but no marked difference was found between grades.
(3) Most paires of twins held positive attitudes toward their present status (twinship).
(4) Attitudes of mothers were found to be correlated with interrelations of adolescent twins. In rearing practices when parents tried to deal with twins as similarly as possible, the relationshilp was tighter than when they followed, the principle of independent treatment.View full abstractDownload PDF (1661K) -
The Difference in Pre- and Post-rest Performance by DistributionSuezo Matsusaka1963 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 152-156,186
Published: October 30, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree experiments were performed to investigate the effects of distribution of practice upon performance in motor learning.
Tasks and methods were the substitution task, by time limited method (Exp. I), and that, by work limited method (Exp. II), and the inverted alphabet copying, by work limited method (Exp. III).
A total of 180 junior school students of both sexes, served as Ss. In Exp. I and II, each three groups of Ss practised for 20 trials with intertrial rest intervals of either 0-, 10-, or 30-sec. and all Ss received a 10 min. rest followed by five additional practices by massed practice. In Exp. III, four groups of Ss practised for 30 trials, with intertrial rest intervals of either 0-, 5-, 15-, or 30-sec. and all Ss received a 10 min. rest followed by one additional practice.
The results may be summarized as follows:
1. In prerest practice, the distributed practice was superior to the massed practice and the level and rate of learning increase as a negatively accelerated function of degree of distribution of practice, under the conditions of either time limited or of work limited method.
2. Reminiscence (relative reminiscence) was found significantly by the group under the condition of highly massed practice and decreases as the intertrial rest interval increases.
3. In postrest practice, the performance of DP-30 group with the maximum degree of distribution in this experiment, was superior to that of MPgroup, by using time limthod, but not, by using work limited method in prerest practice.
This result seems to show that the difference between these two groups depends on the level attained, resulting from the difference of responses during prerest practice, and not on the permanent work decrement SIK.View full abstractDownload PDF (988K) -
The Conception of Equivalence of Sets and Conservation of NumberbyYasuko Ito1963 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 157-167,191
Published: October 30, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis study aimed at investigating the developmental process of the conception of number and finding the necessary instruction procedure for accelerating its acquisition.
Test items, concerning (1) the equivalence of perceptually different sets, and (2) conservation of number, were administered to 4- and 5-year-old children. The results were as follows:
1) Children's comparative judgment of two sets were dominated by perceptual configurations.
2) It was relatively easy for them to know the equivalence of two perceptually different sets. Most of them, however, could not know the invariant relation of two sets, if one of the two was transformed. It was the most difficult to grasp invariance of a set before and after transformations.
3) Children, who were on the way to acquisition of number concept, could recite numbers, count objects and know that the final number word represented the quantity of the set, finally relied upon perceptual cues at the comparative judgment.
Then, an experimental education was undertaken to develop children's conception of equivalence of sets and conservation of number. Program A (4 children): to make the comparison of sets by one-to-one correspondence and to have an image of interrelations of unmber. Program B (4 children): to develop unmder concept by the mediation of the number words. The instruction was administered individually and about ten minutes lesson was given to each child 8 or 9 times. The observation of the instructional process suggested that:
1) A gr. children mastered to use one-to-one correspondence in comparison of two sets, and this eliminated the perceptual cues which had been obstacles in cognition of equality.View full abstractDownload PDF (1933K) -
Kuniko Nishimura1963 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 168-178,192
Published: October 30, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis experiment was designed to explore the pattern of temperament characteristic of delinquents. Forty tests consiing of so called objective items and some other scales were administered to the subjects for the purpose of measuring the 12 temperaments (rigidity, suggestibility, irritation, frustration tolerance, ambiguity tolerance, insight, personal tempo, conflict persistence, restlessness, level of aspiration, and accuracy) and three other chara cteristics (attitudes toward people, self-acceptance, and rules of behavior). The subjects in the experimental group were 20 males and 10 females. They ranged in age from 14 to 18 and in IQ from 83 to 106. The subjects in the control group were matched to those of the experimental group on such variables as age and IQ.
From the experimental results, it was found that in 18 tests, there were significant differences between temperaments of delinquents and those of the control group.
These were: 1. Embedded pattern 2. Problem solving (maze) 3. Problem solving (similarity of 3 words) 4. Suggestibility test (number of dots) 5. Irritability test (pendulum chronoscope) 6. Frustration tolerance test (lucky puzzle) 7. G. S. R. 8. Aircraft range test 9. Dog-cat transitory picture 10. Cat-mouse transitory picture 11. Circlesquare transitory picture 12, Classification of objects 13. Tapping 14. Sears-Hovland test 15. Persistence test (lucky puzzle) 16. Restlessness test (lucky puzzle) 17. Level of aspiration (quoits) 18. Kirihara-Downey will-temperament test: No 6.View full abstractDownload PDF (1575K) -
1963 Volume 11 Issue 3 Pages 189
Published: October 30, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (107K)
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