Generally speaking, there are two aspects in the judgment of the scale value of attitude. The one is that in which the scale values are judged in terms of agreement with the statements of attitude, and the other is that in which they are judged in terms of opposition to the statements. L. L. Thurstone has pointed out the reliability of the experimental scale value S dependent on agreement with the statements of attitude, but the present writer has been thinking that the attitude measurement in terms of the experimental scale value S' dependent on the opposition to the statements would be none the less effective, and that for that reason it may be of great necessity to find out a new formula which is able to measure the attitude in terms of the continuous variable which has both directions mentioned above. The attitude score L by R. Likert, though without any scientific and statistical foundations, has been relatively valid and reliable scoring on the basis of the attitude continuum with both directions of agreement and opposition.
The present writer has experimentally examined the validity and reliability of such attitude indices as S, S', L, S-S' and S/S', and found out that S-S' is the most valid and reliable of them all. However, it must be admitted that S-S' is not free from some defects as its calculation is very complex and the opinions selected in its scale are quite few.
In order to correct these defects, the present writer thought it best to apply S, S', and S-S' to the attitude scale measured by Thurstone's method of apparently equal intervals. Based on the experimental results, the present writer has concluded that Sr-S'r is the most valid and effective of, all these subjective rating scale values, Sr, Sir and Sr-S'r, measured by the method of apparently equal intervals.
When examined statistically, S-S' has a significant difference. Such significant differences, existing not only in the area of attitude measurement but also in the form of perceptional judgment, necessarily call for further psychological investigations and interpretations.

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Regarding aethetic apperception as a dynamic process, its dynamic character was investigated in terms of the perception of the balance in pictures. The aim of our study is to find which case is preferred from the aesthetic point of view, when the same simple and asymmetrical figures, or the same meaningful figures with directional character are shown in the following three locations; 1) in the center of a picture plane (a geometric and static balance), 2) deviated horizontally either to the left or to the right; 3) deviated vertically either upwards or downwards (a physiognomic and dynamic balance). Using eighteen kind's of figures printed on sheets of paper in three ways of location as mentioned above, the test was administered to 587 adults and middle school pupils.
The results are as follows.
1) The percentage of preference of figures symmetrically located in the center is 50, and especially in the case of the symmetrical figures, it amounts to 80.
2) When the figure contains some directed tention, the choice is made for the composition which deviates in the opposite direction (a negatively deviated composition). This tendency is significant when the figure is characterized by its thematic movement. Geomtric figures which are abstract and meaningless are also found in terms of the preference of deviated compositions, to have some directed tension.
3) When the figure is vertically deviated, the downward located composition is selected more frequently than the upward one, the ratio being 29: 19.
4) As for these preferences, the developmental shift is not found significant, but the sexual difference is statistically significant. It is indicated that the male groups tend to select the negatively deviated compositions, whereas the female groups. rather select the positively deviated ones.
5) The correlation between this test and some other art tests is insignificant. The coefficient of correlation with the intelligence test is found.318.
By these results, it may be concluded that symmetrical and static compositions are preferred with regard to the pictorial balance, and that pysiognomic and dynamic factors play an important role for the compositional balance when pictorial elements have some visually directed tension. More investigation will be needed as to which of these two deviated compositions (positive and negative deviations) has more significance for the dynamic expression of art.

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It was previously found that the swings of the galvanometer in P. G. R. were closely associated with those words that were related to their past experiences on their present problems and conflicts, when the subjects were quietly told a story.
Now two experiments have been so designed as to solve the problem of whether the galvanometer swings only in regard to words in a story given or not: first, to find the relation between the impressive words in a story read by the subject and the P. G. R. responses upon those words when they appear in a story told, secondly, to examine the P. G. R. responses upon the same words as given in different contexts.
The results of the first experiment indicate that the expected P. G. R. responses were made to the impressive words and also that the responded words were related to the subjects' needs, the present problems or their characters, etc.
It was found from the results of the second experiment that the P. G. R. responses were irrelevant to the same words given indifferent contexts and some swings were not associated With the important parts of the stories.
The above findings point the way toward the possibility of finding a clue for the personalty diagnosis in the analysis of those words in a story told that are associated with the specific responses of P. G. R. despite of the fact that the P. G. R. responses are not always relevant to the words in a narration.

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The purpose of the present study is to scrutinize the character of twins by Rorscnach test and to confirm the intra-pair mutual resemblace through heredity, thereby investigating the degree of the influence of heredity-environment factors, and then to compare the findings with the other factors involved in mental and physical qualities which are already reported.
The subjects studied are 60 pairs of twins, namely 31 pairs of identical twins, 23 pairs of fraternal twins, 6 pairs of unlike-sex twins, and 18 pairs of the control group of unrelated individuals. The last group was made up of children of like-sex and of the same birth date, and were picked up from the class in which the selected twins were enrolled in school.
10 Hans Huber plates were used for the character diagnosis. As for the intra-pair resemblnce, observations of concurrence and nonconcurrence between the pairs were made on the basis of the concrete results of the character diagnosis, and the degree of the general intra-pair resemblance was examined. Moreover, about the items for which the numerical treatment was possible among the analytical items for the character interpretation, mean percentile deviations (ε)and intra-class correlations (r')were calculated in order to examine the heredity factors by comparing the resemblance between the oviparous distinctions.
1) Total dynamic character diagnosis of every individual of the tested 78 pairs was made with the result that the degree of intra-pair resemblance was compared satisfactorily.
2) The ratio which shows the degree of general intra-pair resemblance of character was calculated by the degree of intra-pair concurrence of the fixed degree and type or each of the 20 items used for the character diagnosis. The result was EZ 51.2%, ZZ 37.2% PZ 38.6% C. G. 27.0%
3) In the degree of concurrence of the principal diagnostic items, whole responses, F+%, movement responses, number of responses, average reaction time, A%, orig. %, Apperceptive type shows compratively high intra-pair concurrence by heredity. From these items an inference will be made that the qualities of intellectual and cognitive activity, the undulation of intelligence, and elated or depressive mood are more influenced by heredity.
4) ε and r' were calculated about 10 principal diagnostic items which allowed numerical treatment. The hereditary numerical value calculated by Lenz formula from ε was. 49-1.82, showing nearly the same value as the result (I 1.34-1.45, r'. 476-734) from the three tests: Kraepelin Numerical Addition Test, Adjustment Inventory and the moral judgement test, but, when compared with the results of the finger print, physical qualities, intelligience and scholarship, faculty of bodily movement, and special faculties (those results are already reported) the intra-pair resemblance is in a low state.
5) The conclusion is that the hereditary factors, though they have some connection with the growth of charcter, exert comparatively little influence upon it.
In the case of EZ an influence will be made that r' is at most.5 or thereabouts.

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Some 800 pupils in public schools from the second to the nineth gradewere examined in their Like-Dislike attitudes toward their classmates by means of a sociometric test, and then in their evaluation of personality by means of a guess-whotest composed of 22 items. Both tests were twice administered with an interval of a week. The reauks obtained are asfollows:
1) Thers are remarkable tendencies among the pupils to evaluate positively in the guess-who-test those toward whom they express their positive attitudes in the sociometric test (p→p), and to evaluate negatively those toward whom they have negative attitudes (n→p). There is, however, hardly any tendency to evaluate negatively those toward whom they reveal positive attitudes (pn), or to evaluate positively those toward whom they express negative attitudes (n→p).
The former is considered as a balanced situation, whereas the latter as an unbalanced situation. So it may be said that a balanced situation tends to be searched for and that an unbalanced situation to be avoided. This agrees very well with Heider's theory.
2) Although the combination, p→p, is more frequently found than the combination n→n, the dif difference of frequency between the combinations, p→n n→p and is insignificant. This means that our results suport partly Jordan's hypothesis as to the pleasantness-unpleasantness factor in selection.
3) It may be said from the above findings that the friendship relations have considerable influence upon the mutual evaluation of personality. This influence is most conspicuous at the grades from fourth to sixth, and it tends to diminish from the seventh grade on.
4) The influence is greater on the evaluation of “social items” than “individual items.”

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To inquire the general tendency of the attitudes of likes and dislikes which the Japanese have toward their own and other 17 main races and also to examine the differences of attitudes, if any, between the student and adult group.
Procedure:
1. Subjects: 246 students of Kumamoto University and of Kumamoto Women's University (male 21.3 years aud female, 19.9 years in average age). 168 adults of Kumamotoites (male, 46.6 years and female, 40.5 years).
2. Date: The survey was administered in October and Novenber 1954.
3. Method: The questionnaire method in which the subjects were instructed to answer three questions giving the rank of likes as to 18 races, checking the reasons for likes and dislikes and their ways of contact with those races.
Summary of result:
(A) The general tendency of attitudes toward 18 races.
1. Their own race is first ranked in the order of their likes. This is presumably duedo minantly to the feeling of self-love. There are, however, among subjects, some having extreme feelings of selfhostility. Especially among the students, this tendency is strong.
2. As for the other races, the subjects reveal remarkably the stereotyped favorable attitudes toward the German, the French and the English, and the extremely unfavorable or hostile attitudes toward the Australan, the Negro, the Jew, and particularly toward the Korean. The favorable tendency decreases in the order of the Swiss, the American, the Italian and the Indian, whereas the hostile tendency increases in the order of the Brazilian, the Chinese, the Burmese, the Indonesian, the Filipino and the Russian. Generally speaking, the trends show the higher degree of likes toward the European and the Anglo-American races than toward the Asiatic and the Negro races. It seems that a deeply-rooted inferiority complex or selt-hostility of the Japanese nation has been derived from the racial prejudice, developing since early meiji Era (about 1860), that the white races are superior to the coloured. As for the Korean, because of the very close relationship with the Japanese both spatially or historically, there has always been a conflict of interests between them for a long time, and especially after the Second World War, the sudden change in the statuses of both races seems to have put spurs to the strong stereotyped hostile attitude of the Japanese toward the Korean.
3. There is a positive relationship between the variety of reasons for likes and bislikes and ways of contact on the one hand and the rank order of likes and dislikes on theother hand. The feeling of likes or dislikes seems to be determined to a great extent by certain reasons (e. g. the appearance, the psychological characteristics and the political standpoint of the race, etc.) and as the sources of the knowledge about them, the mass-media, chiefly the newspaper, play a significant role. It may therefore, be said that the feeling of likes or dislikes toward those races has not yet been firmly established and they only evaluate them vaguely as desirable or hateful. The above is, however, not applicable to the attitude toward the Korean.
(B) The difference of attitudes toward the races between the groups of students and adults.
Great similarity lies between the two groups as to the reason for likes and dislikes and the ways of contact and the degree of like.(The rank order coefficient of correlation is above 0.900 in each case.) The sexual difference of attitudes in each group is also insignificant. The adult-group, however, indicates a remarkably favorable attitude toward the American, whereas the student-group shows a considerable trend of hostility. On the contrary, the former has strong hostility toward the Russian, but the latter is more favorable. A considerable shift of attitudes toward those two races is thus found between the adult and the student group.

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