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Volume 48 (2000)
- Issue 4 Pages 389-
- Issue 3 Pages 255-
- Issue 2 Pages 109-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 48, Issue 2
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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FUMIKO MATSUDA, MIHO NAGASE, YOSHIKO KOJIMA, MOTOKO MIYAKE, RYO TANIMU ...2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 109-119
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe main purpose of the present study was to examine the development in children of concepts about the interrelations among number, length, and crowdedness, using as stimulus materials pictures of flower beds with tulips crowded to various amounts, planters of various lengths, and various sized bunches of tulips. Participants were 136 5- to 10-year-olds. The main results were as follows: (1) For 5- and 6-year-olds, understanding of crowdedness was rather difficult.(2) The direct relation between number and length was grasped strongly even by 5-year-olds, although an excessively strong relation might prevent children from understanding one relation among the 3 concepts, that is, crowdedness=number/length.(3) Though grasping the inverse relation between length and crowdedness was the most difficult concept, 8-year-olds seemed to grasp fairly well the one inverse and two direct relations.(4) Integration of these 3 relations into one was very difficult. Great progress was made from when children were 8 years old to when they were 10, but even so, only 25% of 10-year-olds seemed to complete the integration.View full abstractDownload PDF (1842K) -
TAKEKO MAEHARA, Ikuko KINJYO, FUMIE INATANI2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 120-127
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to specify adolescents' perceptions of their relationships with their grandparents. High school students provided information on their relationship with one of their grandparents (79 paternal grandfathers, 103 paternal grandmothers, 85 maternal grandfathers, and 100 maternal grandmothers). The students reported on a survey form the meaning that they attached to functions performed by their grandparents. Functions of grandparents, as perceived by their grandchildren, were “transmitters of tradition and culture,” “a safety base,” and “teachers of the meaning of life and death. ” Clear gender differences were found between the grandchildren and the paternal/material grandparents. Granddaughters viewed maternal grandmothers, more than paternal grandparents, as “transmitters of tradition and culture,” and “a safety base,” whereas, compared to granddaughters, grandsons were more likely to perceive paternal grandfathers' functions as those of “transmitters of tradition and culture,” “a safety base,” and “teachers of the meaning of life and death.” These results suggest that in addition to a maternal grandmother-granddaughter kinship line, there is also a paternal grandfather-grandson kinship line. Implications for further research were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1412K) -
Coping Strategies of Teachers in Two Kinds of Stressful SituationsAKIO WAKABAYASHI2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 128-137
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relation between 4 coping styles and stress-coping strategies in teachers were examined in the present research. Using Marlowe-Crowne's Social Desirability Scale and Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale, 4 groups were constructed: 24 repressors, 24 sensitizers, 14 low-anxious persons, and 12 defensive-anxious persons. Then each of the participants was asked to answer TAC-24 that measured coping strategies in stressful everyday situations, and 95 items that measured coping strategies in teaching. The following results were obtained: On everyday stressful events, repressors showed a strong tendency to select positive coping strategies, such as problem solving. In contrast, sensitizers showed a strong tendency to select negative strategies, such as escapism. Similarly, on stressful events in teaching, repressors showed a strong tendency to select positive coping strategies, such as plannig. On the other hand, sensitizers showed a strong tendency to select negative strategies, such as self-justification. On the whole, it was suggested that in both kinds of stressful situations, repressors tend to select positive coping strategies, whereas sensitizers tend to select negative ones.View full abstractDownload PDF (1802K) -
YOSHITAKA SADA2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 138-144
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study investigated an effect active mental rest on perceptual-motor learning in adults (8 men, 28 women, divided into 3 groups of 12 each). The experiment compared the effectiveness of 3 techniques in promoting recovery during 1-minute rest periods between 10 periods of rotary pursuit practice done with the right hand. The 3 techniques were (1) active rest (muscular): tapping with the left hand; (2) active rest (mental): oral reading of a book unrelated to the experiment; and (3) passive rest: simple resting, without moving the body or, as much as possible, thinking about the experiment. The results showed that oral reading during the recovery periods proved to be the most effective recovery technique. The participants who did oral reading during the rest periods were significantly superior in time-on-target during the acquisition trials, compared to participants using the other 2 techniques. Oral reading during the recovery periods also resulted in some amelioration of critical flicker fusion, but the difference was not statistically significant. The possibility of raising the level of arousal was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1447K) -
YASUKO OZAKI2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 145-153
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study aims at clarifying developmental changes in motor function of the arm during early childhood when manipulating a drawing device. 214 children (105 boys and 109 girls), ranging from 30 to 69 months of age, were asked to fill a circle with a pen, and their behavior was monitored through 4 video cameras simultaneously. The following motor aspects of drawing behavior were evaluated: prehension of the drawing device, joint motion in the arm, and the portion of the body contacting the desk. In the younger children, drawing behavior was governed by motions of the proximal joint. As age increased, the moving joint was switched to more distal joints. A dynamic tripod grip was observed in older children who moved their finger joints. The change in which joint moves might be achieved by reducing the degree of freedom of the hand -arm system. These results suggest that acquisition of the dynamic tripod grip and stable suspension of the arm might make it possible to manipulate a drawing device effectively during early childhood.View full abstractDownload PDF (1471K) -
KEIICHI KOBAYASHI2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 154-164
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present paper is to generate a new perspective for the study of note-taking (NT) and note-reviewing (NR). Specifically, the present report is a case study of the note-taking and note-reviewing of 1 participant in a graduate school seminar, which could be considered to be a setting of joint construction. Each action sequence of “NT→NR→U” (where “U”=utterance) formed an episode. 40 such episodes were extracted. When each episode was analyzed, the action sequences were found to have the following 3 characteristics: (1) organization as part of the process of responding to other participants,(2) a close tie to the structure of the seminar class setting and to active participation, and (3) generation of overlaps of others' words and one's own words in the notes and in the utterances. Finally, the present new perspective on note-taking and note-reviewing includes a view of note-taking and note-reviewing as part of an action sequence, an approach to note-taking and note-reviewing that relates to the structure of and style of participation in the teaching-learning situation, and an approach to aspects of note-taking and notereviewing relevant for in-class dialogue.View full abstractDownload PDF (1858K) -
HARUHISA MIZUNO, TOSHINORI ISHIKUMA2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 165-173
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present research was to investigate the effects of sociological and psychological factors on international students' preferences for professional helpers. A total of 264 responses was obtained from a questionnaire survey of Korean, Chinese and Taiwanese international students studying at national universities in Japan. The results showed the following: In the academic area, experiences with professional supports were positively related to help-seeking preferences. In the physical and mental areas, concerns about helper responsiveness were negatively related to help-seeking preferences, whereas experiences with professional supports were positively related to preferences in that area. In the interpersonal area, being female and having experiences with professional supports were positively related with help-seeking preferences, whereas concerns about helper responsiveness were negatively related to help-seeking preferences in that area. In the daily life and economic areas, being female and having experiences with professional supports were positively related with help-seeking preferences, whereas living with a spouse and concerns about helper responsiveness were negatively related with preferences in that area. The implications for helping international students were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1568K) -
Stereotypes and FlexibilityJUNKO SAGARA2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 174-181
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSResearch on the development of gender roles has focused narrowly on the acquisition of knowledge about the roles. The present study investigated children's attitudes as evaluative aspects of their stereotypes of gender roles. The objectives of the research were (a) to examine the development of attitudes toward gender roles from both cognitive and emotional points of view, and (b) to examine the effect of environmental factors on these attitudes in elementary school children in the second, fourth, and sixth grades (total N=542). The results indicated that (1) the flexibility of children's attitudes increased with age, and (2) the frequency of watching television, and fathers' participation in homework were correlated with boys' cognitive attitudes, and the parental rearing measures were correlated with boys' emotional attitudes. For the girls who participated in this study, parents' expectations about jobs that have traditionally been men's work were correlated with the girls' cognitive and emotional attitudes.View full abstractDownload PDF (1535K) -
MEGUMI KUBO2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 182-191
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study examined the relation between anthropophobic tendencies and internal images of parent-child relationships from the viewpoint of internal working models. Images of parent-child relations were assessed both on the cognitive level and also on a projective level for the purpose of accessing internalized experiences. On the basis of scores on an anthropophobic-tendency questionnaire, 40 high scorers (H group) and 39 low scorers (L group) were selected from 153 university students, and the results from a questionnaire on parent-child relations and a kinetic family drawing recollection method were compared. On the questionnaire, the high group showed higher scores on distrust toward their mothers, while showing the same high scores on intimacy as the low group. The high group showed lower intimacy toward their fathers, and higher distrust and fear scores. In their family drawings, the high group expressed more difficulty communicating with their parents. It was suggested that (1) the high group's images of parent-child relations do not consist of positive elements, and (2) the high group did not have enough experience being with acceptable parents. The discussion suggested that anthropophobic tendencies are related to insecure internalized images of parent-child relations, which function as a basic pattern for interpersonal relationships.View full abstractDownload PDF (1688K) -
Social AspectsNORIKO TOYAMA2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 192-202
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present research examined young children's interactions at preschool mealtime. In Study 1, 4-to 5-year olds were observed at 1 preschool for 1 year 3 months. While eating, the children talked about family, food, and other general topics. Ritualized interactions, that is, interactions that were routine or that followed a set pattern, were identified. In the 4-year-olds' class, interactions that followed set patterns were longer than non-ritualized ones, and more children participated in such interactions that in the non-ritualized ones. However, these results were not observed in the 5-year-olds. Rather, in the 5-year-olds' class, non-ritualized interactions were longer and had more participants than those with an established pattern. In Study 2, observations were made of a class 4-year-olds who had just entered the school. At first, interactions following the set patterns used in that classroom were not found, but they appeared about 1 month later. As in the 4-year-olds' class in Study 1, longer interactions and more participation were found for interactions following set routines than for non-ritualized interactions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1795K) -
A Negative Aspect of Repressors' OptimismASAKO YASUDA, ATSUSHI SATO2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 203-214
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAlthough it has been proposed that self-serving bias must be adaptive, this may be explained by the contribution of subgroups of extremely positive individuals like repressors, who score low on the STAI and high on the Marlowe-Crowne scale. On the other hand, low-anxious individuals score low on both scales. Participants in the present research were adults. In Study 1, repressors exhibited tendencies of overly positive self-evaluation and unrealistic optimism, but low-anxious participants were not as optimistic. Repressors also showed only small discrepancies between their “actual self” and their goals, which could explain their low distress. In Study 2, repressors had unrealistically optimistic expectations about real-life examinations, and their results were worse than they had expected. Moreover, when that happened, repressors did not lower their expectations about the next examination, or even modified them to be more optimistic. These results suggest that repressors exhibit unrealistic optimism not because the discrepancy between their actual self and their goals is really small, but because they neglect negative feedback information about the present situation. Is unrealistic optimism “truly” adaptive? The present studies suggest that the answer is “no”.View full abstractDownload PDF (2214K) -
KENICHI SETO2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 215-224
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to explore the efficacy of high school counselors. 231 teachers from 9 high schools at which part-time school counselors had worked completed questionnaires covering 4 topics: (1) attributes of the school (e. g., number of students),(2) organizational characteristics (e. g., a sense of fulfillment in teaching),(3) the teachers' expectations for the school counselors' work, and (4) the efficacy of the school counselors'work. Analysis of the questionnaire results suggested that teachers' expectations and systematic supporting activities influenced the efficacy of the school counselors' work. Finally, some recommendations for enhancing the efficacy of school counselors were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1747K) -
TSUKASA KATO2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 225-234
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to construct a coping inventory in order to assess the different ways in which underduates respond to interpersonal stress. Study 1 reports the factor structure of the Interpersonal Stress-Coping Inventory (ISI). This self-report instrument is constructed to identify 3 types of coping strategies: positive relationship-oriented strategies (16 items), negative relatinship-oriented strategies (10 items), and postponed-solution coping (8 items). Study 2 reports the reliability and validity of this inventory. The test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.86 to 0.92. The validity of the Interpersonal Stress-Coping Inventory was asessed by comparing it with the Stress Coping Inventory and measures of stress, depression, and satisfaction with friendships. Overall, the results suggest that the Interpersonal Stress-Coping Inventory is a valid and highly reliable coping scale.View full abstractDownload PDF (1710K) -
EIKO HIROSE2000 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 235-246
Published: June 30, 2000
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present paper reviews recent studies of psychological testing methods, focusing especially on those with personality, attitude, and interest scales using a rating scale format. The style of administration of an increasing number of these scales is changing from paper-and-pencil testing (P & P) to computerized testing. For computerization, equivalence to paper-and-pencil testing must be shown. Many studies have determined that equivalence is satisified. However, for some examinees and some content, this difference in style of administration may affect the results. In those cases, whether computerized testing is appropriate must be considered. Psychological testing scales are also increasingly being applied to item response theory. Several polytomous models are suitable for rating scales. By applying the models for item analysis, more accurate and desirable scales be obtained. Some effective computerized testing methods that use item response theory are discussed. In future research, computerized adaptive testing and computerized classification testing must be examined for these scales. Innovative testing methods that are not based on established paper-and-pencil testing ideas are also needed.View full abstractDownload PDF (2051K)
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