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Volume 55 (2007)
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- Issue 3 Pages 313-
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Volume 55, Issue 3
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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TOSHIYUKI YOSHIDA, TOMOYASU NAKAMURA2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 313-324
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the context of self-complexity theory, the present study examined how 2 cognitive processes, one that facilitates depression and another that reduces it, are mediated by self-appraisals. University and vocational school students (N=95) performed a self-description task so that their self-complexity (i. e., elaborations of self-schema) could be assessed; they also completed a questionnaire about positive and negative automatic thoughts and depression. Structural equation modeling revealed that (1) negative self-complex - ity facilitated depression indirectly through negative automatic thoughts, and (2) positive self-complexity reduced depression indirectly through positive automatic thoughts. These findings suggest that self-appraisals play a mediating role in facilitating and reducing depression. Implications of the model for intervention are discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (2015K) -
HIDEKI TOYODA, IKKO KAWAHASHI, TOHRU WATANABE, MIEKO HIDAKA2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 325-334
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs an extension of the model of Toyoda, Kawahashi, and Matsushita (2005), the present authors added to the model the parameter f0, which represents individual differences in social desirability. In addition, we removed the assumption of tau-equivalent measurement for items. A paired-comparison test was constructed using competency scales developed in a pretest. The test was split into half, and the two halves standardized. The data from 400 participants indicated that split-half validity and reliability was confirmed. In a validity study, in order to examine the robustness of the standardized test to response biases, 199 participants took the paired-comparison test and a Likert test. Participants were instructed to assume that they were in a 2-selection evaluation scene. The results indicated that the new method is more robust to response biases than the Likert method, irrespective of differences in the evaluation scene.View full abstractDownload PDF (1554K) -
Cross-Informant AssessmentHIROKO TSUBOI, MYUNGHEE LEE2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 335-346
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present research was to utilize the Youth Self Report (YSR) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to identify behavioral and emotional characteristics of abused children, and to explore the possibility of clinical application of these instruments. The behavior of children in a children's home was assessed through the Youth Self Report, which was completed by the children themselves, and the Child Behavior Checklist, which was completed by care workers. Valid responses were obtained for 75 boys and 49 girls, whose average age was 12.51 years. Responses on the Youth Self Report and the Child Behavior Checklist were found to be correlated with respect to scores for behavioral problems, but it was also found that differences may exist in the perception of competence. When the data from the children who had and had not been abused were compared, it was found that both instruments revealed that maltreatment of the children had affected their behavioral and emotional problems. It was also found that the care workers objectively grasped social problems and attention problems in a way that may have been difficult for the children to discern. Furthermore, subjective issues, such as somatic complaints and thinking problems, were difficult to perceive. It was suggested that behavioral and emotional problems of abused children may be understood better through cross-informant assessment.View full abstractDownload PDF (1879K) -
KEITO NAKAMICHI2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 347-358
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study examined the relationship of young children's conditional reasoning, working memory (WM), and inhibitory control (IC). There were 2 conditional reasoning tasks: one based on a familiar conditional equation, and the other based on a counterfactual conditional equation. Backward digit span and the day/night Stroop task were used as the measures of working memory and inhibitory control, respectively. Experiment 1 revealed that 5-and 6-year-old's (N=25) counterfactual conditional reasoning was positively correlated with inhibitory control, but no significant correlation was found between conditional reasoning and working memory. In Experiment 2, using an improved technique for the conditional reasoning task, the relationship of 5-to 6-year-old's (N=26) conditioning reasoning, working memory, and inhibitory control was examined. Working memory showed a positive correlation in both the familiar and counterfactual tasks, whereas inhibitory control showed a positive correlation only in the counterfactual task.View full abstractDownload PDF (1986K) -
The Wellman and Liu TasksKAORU TOYAMA2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 359-369
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study uses Wellman & Liu's (2004) scale, which includes multiple concepts, to achieve the following main goals: (1) to examine whether Japanese children show a delay in theory-of-mind understanding (This is based on a study concerning false-belief tasks.); (2) to confirm whether Japanese children's theories of mind develop step by step, as is the case with Western children; and (3) to investigate the development of Japanese children's theories of mind in greater detail by analyzing the explanations of those who fail the tasks. Participants in the study, 120 three-to 6-year-old children of both genders, were tested individually on the Wellman & Liu scale; their answers were taped for analysis. The results suggested that although Japanese children develop their theories of mind step by step, they show a delay in theory-of-mind understanding, as is pointed out in the study of the false-belief tasks. Approximately 30% of the 4-and 5-year-old children did not understand the tasks concerning belief.View full abstractDownload PDF (1613K) -
MOYURU KAMINAGA2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 370-381
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between pubertal timing as defined from 2 viewpoints (objective and subjective), and adolescents' depression as mediated by body satisfaction and behaviors aimed at avoiding exposure of one's body. The participants in the study, 503 adolescent junior high school students (252 boys, 251 girls), completed questionnaires. The main results were as follows: (1) No direct relation was found between pubertal timing and adolescents' depression in either boys or girls; (2) whereas subjective pubertal timing was related to body satisfaction for boys, objective pubertal timing was related to body satisfaction for girls; (3) early matured boys had high body satisfaction and low depression, whereas early matured girls had low body satisfaction and high depression; (4) for boys, public self-consciousness was related to body satisfaction and behavior avoiding exposure of one's body, and body satisfaction and behavior avoiding body exposure were related to depression, whereas for girls, public self-consciousness was not related to body satisfaction, but was found to be related to behavior avoiding exposure of one's body, and, in addition, behavior avoiding body exposure was related to depression.View full abstractDownload PDF (1861K) -
KENSUKE OKADA, TAKAHIRO HOSHINO, KAZUO SHIGEMASU2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 382-392
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSModel selection is one of the most important steps in the application of structural equation modeling (SEM). In this process, the likelihood ratio test statistic, T, is a commonly employed index. Hypothesis testing can be performed on the basis that T asymptotically follows the x2 distribution. Various fit indices have been proposed, most of which are based on the assumption that T asymptotically follows the x2 distribution. When the size of the sample is small, however, the distribution of T deviates considerably from the x2 distribution. This problem, especially pronounced when there is a large number of indicators per factor, is serious because it violates the theoretical justification of utilizing for model selection not only T, but also many other fit indices. In the present article, we propose a Bartlett correction of T to improve its approximation to the x2 distribution. When the efficacy of our method was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation, the results showed that this method was superior to the current standard.View full abstractDownload PDF (1716K) -
AKIHIRO SAITO, HIDEKI TOYODA2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 393-402
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study proposes several advanced models of the group analytic hierarchy process (AHP) by structural equation modeling (SEM), following up on Toyoda, Yonemura, & Saito (2004), including a multigroup model that can compare parameters across different groups, a multimode model that can analyze effects of attribution like conjoint analysis, and a multigroup-multimode model that includes both the multigroup model and the multimode model. It is shown that commonly available computer programs for structural equation modeling, such as Mplus, can be used to estimate the parameters of these models. Important features of these methods are:(1) conjoint analysis can be combined with the analytic hierarchy process;(2) effects of attribution can be compared across different groups; and (3) interaction effects can be analyzed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1457K) -
YUKA NAKAJIMA, TAKASHI MUTO2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 403-413
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study examined the relationships among vocational motives, the job-hunting process, and job attainment. Female students (junior college seniors: 222; university seniors: 172) completed a questionnaire. Vocational motives were measured with challenge- and relatedness-aspirations. The psychological aspects of job-hunting were measured through selective and compensatory secondary controls, while behavioral aspects were measured through selective and compensatory primary controls. Structural equation modeling revealed that selective secondary control had a significant mediating function between vocational motives and job-hunting actions. In particular, relatedness aspiration was found to be positively related to selective primary control only when it was mediated by selective secondary control. It was also found that selective primary control (i. e., direct job-hunting activity) contributed to job attainment, while compensatory primary control, including support seeking, was negatively related to job attainment. However, compensatory primary control functioned to enhance selective primary control. No differences in the relations among the variables were found between the junior college and university students. It was suggested that encouragement of vocational motives and selective secondary control might lead to fruitful job-hunting activities.View full abstractDownload PDF (1864K) -
MITSUYASU MATSUNUMA2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 414-425
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study examined whether instruction using an organization strategy and a learning strategy utilizing a figure in solving problems in the present perfect tense would improve students' learning of that tense. High school students in the 2 experimental group classes (N=78) received instruction using an organization strategy, and were taught how to utilize a figure in solving problems about the present perfect tense. Students in the 2 control classes (N=80) received instruction in the way that it is generally given in high school English classes in Japan. All participants were trained for 2 hours, and then took 2 posttests. The results were as follows:(1) the experimental group performed better than the control group on both posttests,(2) the students who utilized the figure to solve the problems perceived the strategy as more useful, and performed better, than the students who did not, and (3) after the intervention, the students in the experimental classes were more motivated to learn English grammar, and more interested in the class than were the students in the control classes.View full abstractDownload PDF (2007K) -
MAYUMI TAKAGAKI, HIROTSUGU TAZUME, AYUMI MATSUSE2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 426-437
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to induce acquisition of the concept of conservation of mass in substances being dissolved in water. A learning environment that related a reciprocal teaching strategy to a conceptual-change teaching strategy was designed for a 5th-grade science unit (12 hours) on “water solution phenomena”, and taught to 1 class (37 students, average age 11.8 years). Cognitive and social approaches were used. The cognitive approach used a self-analogy model (microscopic model) in which students' visualization of water solution phenomena was a cognitive tool in the process of shifting from relation-based reasoning to model-based reasoning, so that the new scientific concept was accepted because it was demonstrated through intelligible and logically consistent input that explained anomalous data. The social approach involved using a theory chart that accumulated the participant-mutual process of theory building as a cognitive tool in the context of taking responsibility for the role of participant structure in the reciprocal teaching strategy, in which tactics of power were disputed over persuasive discourse. The results suggested that these processes induced conceptual change.View full abstractDownload PDF (2209K) -
Qualitative Research on a Mother's NotesSETSUKO TAMURA, TOSHINORI ISHIKUMA2007 Volume 55 Issue 3 Pages 438-450
Published: September 30, 2007
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present research was to develop a psychological model of how mothers of children with problems change from being clients in counseling into being partners in the student support teams for their children. Using the Modified Grounded Theory approach, the notes that a mother gave a school counselor were analyzed. In those notes, the mother recorded in sequence the situations that her child had faced since birth, as well as her feelings and thoughts about her child and herself, about the sessions with the school counselor, and about how she had changed her way of thinking. From the analysis of those notes, 20 concepts were extracted and organized into 10 categories, which were further summarized in 4 higher-level categories. We were able to identify 4 periods:(1) a sense of alienation,(2) freedom from negative thoughts as a result of being the client of a school counselor,(3) fulfillment of the parent's role as a partner in the counseling, and (4) obtaining an overview of the future for herself and her child.View full abstractDownload PDF (2218K)
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