The aim of this study is to make clear the influence of the social interactions between teacher and children of a Kindergarten class upon the social development of the children by recording. and analyzing the interactions.
The subjects of this study were a teacher and 27 five year old children-15 boys and 12 girls-of a class of the ‘Hokudai Yojien’ (Hokkaido University Kindergarten). Observational studies carried out repeatedly during the period between April and October in 1953 were divided into 2 main stages. The first stage was to record the above-mentioned interactions for the purpose of making clear the degree of the interdependence between the teacher and each child. Those children who had been proved to be in close interdependent relations with the teacher were excluded temporarily from the class, and the second stage observations were carried. The important facts found out by the analysis of the observation records were as follows:
(1) The total interactions between the teacher and the boys were much greater in number than those between the teacher and the girls. When all the boys had been excluded fr. pm the class, however, the latter interactions increased considerably.
(2) Several boys being on friendly terms. with one another and forming a strong subgroup in the class, were in specially close interdependent relations with the teacher. Consequently the interactions between the teacher and the other children were very few in number.
(3) Some of the boys forming the subgroup had not been in it at the beginning of the new term, while a few boys who had been members of the subgroup and whose interactions with the teacher had been very few, did not remain in the subgroup. This means that the influential subgroup stated above was formed by the agency ofthe teacher, that is, through the frequent interactions between the teacher and each member.
(4) Even though some members of the subgroup had been excluded from the class, the total number of the interactions between the teacher and the subgroup members did not show any conspicuous change and therefore the interactions of the other members of the class with the teacher did not increase in number. This shows that the interdependent relations between the teacher and the subgroup members as a whole were very close.

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The aim of this study is to find out which one of the following two different techniques is more effective to produce the desirable structural change of the small group of children in which an egocentric and autocratic leader exercises influnece. Procedure:
(1) The subjects of this experiment were 36 school children of the fourth-year-class who were divided into 9 groups of 4 each. One of the 4 members of each group was the above-mentioned leader. Of the 9 groups, 4 were the 1st experimental groups, one was the control group and the other 4 were the 2nd experimental groups.
(2) Members of each group were asked to rank 5 socially good conducts in their own individual orders of preference. Group rankings were then formulated. A final ranking was then Secured from each individual. At the end of the 1st day experiment the experimenter explained to the leaders of the 1st experimental groups the ideal way of the democratic management of a group (the 1st technique). Whereas each leader of the 2nd experimental groups was made to observe members of a democratic group discussing with one another (the 2nd technique). This democratic group was composed of 4 children of the fourth-year-class.
(3) Twenty-four hours later members of each group were asked to rank 5 socially wrong conducts in their own individual orders of preference. Group rankings were then formulated. A final ranking was then secured from each individual.
(4) A couple of weeks later the same procedure as (3) was, repeated. Result:
(1) On the 1st day followers of both experimental groups were likely to withstand the impact of group opinion under autocratic leadership, which probably indicates that no strong group opinion was formed under this condition.
(2) On the 2nd day the final rankings of the followers were found to agree with group rankings on the whole. The difference between the final rankings of the followers and final rankings of their own on the 2nd day was found to be greater than that of the 1st day, which probably was due to the fact that they had been much more content with and influenced by the group rankings. The important fact is that the degree of the above-stated agreement and the difference was higher in the 1st experimental groups than in the 2nd experimental groups.
(3) On the 15th day the 1st experimental groups showed almost the same tendencies as on the 1st day in their initial, group and final rankings. On the other hand from the results of the initial, group and final rankings of the 2nd esperimental groups, tendencies similar to those found in the results of the rankings of the 2nd day could be seen. Conclusion:
The results show that on the 2nd day the 1st technique was more effective than the 2nd one as a technique for effecting changes in attitudes but that on the 15th day the effect of the 1st one vanished the effect of the 2nd one remaining almost as before.

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The object of this study is to analyze the effects of the special individual guidance of the little children with mental and emotional handicaps.
The subjects of this study were 18 children of the Hokudai Yojien' (Hokkaido University Kindergarten). They were divided into 2 groups, experimental and control. To the experimental group, special individual guidance was given for a month during the summer vacation.
Some of the facts found out by this study are as follows:
(1) Conspicuous effect of the individual guidance could not be recognized as a whole.
(2) The individual guidance had no effect on the intellectual development of the children with handicaps, having some effect on their behavior and attitude.
(3) The development of the manual and occupational ability was very remarkable in the experimental group, but concerning the total scores of social maturity test given to both groups before and after the experiment, the increase of the score in the control group was significantly higher than in the experimental group.
This shows that the modification of the program of the individual guidance is necessary.

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1. Purpose: Out of 20 statements which were involved in attitude for general occupational pursuits, the fourteen kinds of statements were finally selected, and the subjects were asked to express their opinion on each of these statements.
The purpose of the present research is to analyse the factors modyfing attitude toward occupations, as measured by the experimental scale.
The detailed description of the construction of the attitude is omitted.
2. Subjects: About three quarters of them are students of junior or senior high school in Shizuoka prefecture and also those of Department of Education, University of Shizuoka and other one quarter are those working in various occupations (unskilled, clerical workers, public officials, tradesman and housewives).
The total number of subjects studied was 1, 382 (males 774, females 608).
The ages ranged from 14 to 45.
3, Results: The results can be summarized as follows.
1) The statements of fourteen kinds in experimental scale which are shown in Table 1, were used to measure the attitudes in various groups. If the sampling is made at random, the frequency distribution of attitude scores of the total number of subjects as is shown in Fig. 1, indicates a normal distribution.
For that reason the x²-test was used to evalute the difference between a set of observed and expected frequency distributions. From this result, we may be assured that the difference were not significant for both males and females.
2) From this, we have calculated the estimate of population mean at 5 percent level as is shown in Table 4.
3) The attitude scale was shown to differentiate significantly both males and femals or students and workers in mean scores. From the data presented, the ulitimate growth curve of an attitude may be considered as forming a parabora or Horowitz's theoretical growth curve in Rank-test.
4) The choice ratio of each item in the scale indicates the structure in attitude for each group.
5) As the factors modifying the attitude of occupation, we assume four factors: a subjects achievements, skill, eagerness to find job and course in life, but only the function of achievement was proved to be statistically significant as a factor of influencing attitude.
6) The attitude shown in group can be generally discribed on the basis of group pressure in the testing situation rather than on the basis of the individual traits. We adopted accordingly the discussion method on the proffessional selection before and after the test. Table 14 shows that the differences of observed and expected frequencies of attitude scores thus obtained from the first-testing and second-testing, are not significant for the middle school class. On the other hand, the differences between mean scores in the first and second trials were significant.
7) We framed the 2×2×2 factorial design for the experiment in which variables were varied in 8 ways. These compoments are sex, course in life and number of times in the experiment and we have 40 subjects who are divided at random into 8 grouds containing 5 subjects respectively.
8) The summary of our analysis is presented in Table 18. We have observed that the interaction between sex, time of trials and course in life, in other words, the triple interaction alone is significant.
9) It has been indicated by this variance analysis that the discussion method is not the technique modifying significantly attitude in groups.
10) These attitude scores can be estimated to express well enough the private opinion of each individual, but the influence of social climate in the group to which each individual belongs on the scores is only slightly felt.

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I. Aims
1st Group Tuberculosis patients (1°-4°) in the isolationward whom anybody is prohibited to visit.
2nd Group University students both in America and in Japan.
3rd Group Young criminals kept in temporary custody, female university students in Japan, and tuberculosis patients who are free to be visited and live in the same room with patients of other internal diseases.
Making each of the three groups above-mentioned correspond to the closed field, the open field and the half-closed and half-open field respectively, we have investigated the neurotic tendency of the subjects in these fields statistically.(For reference, the neurotic tendency of both schizophrenics and neurpaths will also be mentioned.)
II. Materials
Taylor, G. A.
Anxiety Test (50 items)
III. Results
The sex, the number of persons, the average mark, and the variance of each group are as follows.
Table 1
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Table 2 shows the results of T-criterion.
Table 2
IV Summary
Table 1 and Table 2 enable us to find that the neurotic tendency of the subjects in the closed field and the open field is less intensive than that of the subjects in the half-closed and half-open field which lies between the two fields:...we can say that the neurotic tendency of Japanese women seems more intensive than that of Americans, owing to domestic, national, or international conflicts, and that the neurotic tendency seems more intensive in tuberculosis patiants not isolated than in those isolated and in calm condition, might it be said, owing to their life full of stimli.

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PALT II
As reported in part I, we found by the follow up study several factors of the life history, which have influence on the prognosis. In this part, the relation between the prognosis and some personality traits was studied by the interview and the tests.
First, six personality traits measured by the interview were analized. Of these, three were concerned with the abnormality of the intention, of motivation and of suppression. The remaining three were concerned with the other abnormalities. All these six traits. were related with the prognosis (Tables 1-6). Examining these relations more closely, we could classify personality patterns into five classes which effectively predict the prognosis (Table 9).
Secondly, as to the Kraepelin's curve, we found that both quantity and pattern of the achievement predict to some extent the prognosis (Tables 10, 11). Analysing the pattern more closely, we found the initial spurt after the rest, the effect of the rest and the number of the droppings to be the factors predicting the prognosis (Table 12). Through these three factors and the quantity of the performance, we could classify Kraepelin's curve into several classes which effectively predict the prognosis (Table 13).
Thirdly, we studied the ralation between IQ and the prognosis and that between VQ and the prognosis, and found that has a little influence upon the prognosis (Table 15), but as to VQ, no significant result was obtained (Table 16).
Summarizing the above results, we can conclude as follows. The personality pattern (shown by the function of will) and the Kraepelin's curve are related closely to each other, and both have some prognostic value (Table 14). The relations of the personality pattern and Kraepelin's curve to the prognosis correspond to the relation between the prognosis and the life history factors, which was already discussed in part 1 (Table 17).
PART III
We further investigated the factors concerning the environment and those concerning the relation between personality and the environment. We found that the loss of one or other parents seems to have no influence on the prognosis,(Tables 18, 19), and that such factors as the antisocial atmosphere in the family, the home conflict and the association with gangs do have a bad influence on the prognosis (Tables 22, 23, 24). Considering the relations between each of these three factors and the prognosis with regard to the relation between the various factors and the prognosis described in Parts I and II only the association with gangs was found to be a self supporting factor predicting the prognosis.
PART IV
Bodily characteristics such as height and weight have no relation to the prognosis. As to the legal pattern of the main delinquency no definite result was ontained (Table 25)
As the results of the follow-up study described in Parts I to 7, we have found various personality factors predicting the prognosis. Discussing the various relations mentioned above, some relations between the factors and the prognosis can be considered to be included in a more extensive relation. In the following report these results will be summanarized with the consideration of their significance, and the relation between the social-psycho-logical pattern of the delinquency and the prognosis will finally be discussed.

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