We were interested in the forms which appear repeatedly in village non-systematically. We paid attention to vertical visual division (view distance) of road in old village. The purpose of this paper is to make clear the characteristic of this view distance. We selected and surveyed 49 villages in Ibaraki and Yamanashi Prefecture. As a result, view distance is given in log-normal distribution (median: about50m, 95%tile: about 100m). This characteristic isn't related to the topography and location of village. And, this characteristic doesn't depend on the road width and form of street network. It is found that the view distance distribution owes to the factors as follow:“Microtopograpy factor”, “Pedestrian goal factor”, “Building plot factor” and “Planning unit factor”.

View full abstract

In order to consider a design of visually comfortable underpass for cross walkers, experiments of psychological evaluation were done using a CG simulation system. CG images were varied in a ceiling design, some types of windows or a color of wall. As a result, some types of ceiling design or windows had an effect on reducing a sense of unsafe and increasing a comfort. On a color of wall, Munsell value tended to be more effective on comfortableness than Munscll huc.

View full abstract

This paper investigates the relationship between the visual composition of a river environment and the size of the river, through the use of photographs taken by residents along the river. The findings obtained are as follows:
1) The residents determine, consciously or unconsciously, what conposition is favorable to them according to the river width.
2) The width of 25m or so tends to be a turning-point at which the residents change their composition, moving from one view-point to another.

View full abstract

This study recognizes the landscape of river including the concept of dynamism. The results are as the following.
1.It is effective to classify the 3 domains (aquatic area, terrestrial area, boundary area) when we define the natural landscape and recognize rivers as natural landscape.
2.We pursue the change of river landscape of 8 small rivers in Yamanashi prefecture after river improvement as a result it is cleared that the landscapes of rivers are changeable.
3.It is inferred the deference of changed condition by flood, sediment production, and river improvement can not be neglected as the factor of river landscape change.
As above the concept of dynamism gives the important direction for the future river projects which aim to enhance natural landscape and biotic community in river. We raised a question that river landscape should be considered from the dynamism standpoint.

View full abstract

A river structure across river bed with gentle slope has many merits. People can approach and fish can swim up easily because of its slow flow, and many kinds of texture can be designed by controling roughness of surface of a structure. But hydrological relationship between roughness and superficial texture of water has never been studied. In this paper, authors tried to classify the types of texture which can be seen around a stone, determine the factors of the texture by model experiment using half balls, and apply to a real structure.

View full abstract

In this paper, I present a framework of the study of a relation between the experience of land scape and taking foods and drinks, as follows.
(1) I derive some fundamentals of space and landscape by classifying traditional appraised events in chronological order and researching of reactions of people who enjoy both sight seeing and eating, e.g.picnic etc.
(2) I arrange in order effects on experience of landscape from contents of eating and drinking, in respect of symbolic meaning, local specialities, menu and naming of dishes, impression and expression of gustation.

View full abstract

This research aims the examination of the method of evaluating the effective use policy of the parking lot in the scenic area. First of all, we arrange the parking lot policy in the scenic area by the aspect from a period and a spatial extension. Next, we arrange the evaluation process of the effective use policy of a short-term parking lot and the evaluation index. Finally, we set the evaluation index concerning the effect of the Parking Guidance and Information System and the charge policy respectively, and examine these effects by the simulation quantitatively.

View full abstract

It is necessary to manage car usage demand because progress of the motorization in recent years yields much more car use. In this paper, in order to find the effective measure for demand management, we studied regional and temporal characteristics of car usage in prefectural level from 1965 to 1990. We developed the per car gasoline consumption model, then we could find the regional and temporal changes of car usage and the potential policy variables for demand management.

View full abstract

Misspecification of the decision maker's choice set causes inconsistent estimation of discrete choice models. This study presents a methodology to account for the heterogeneity in travel mode choice sets that results from vehicle availability. Assuming vehicle availabity is affected by intra-household interactions and varies from time to time, this study develops a linear structural equations system of vehicle availability while taking intra-household interations into account.

View full abstract

By Kazuhiko SATO, Atsushi FUKUDA, Tetsuro HYODO, Yuichi MOHRI, Yuichi SUGANO and Takeo FUKUHARA Every ten years, Person Trip Survey in the Tokyo metropolitan region is being investigated. However, because there was a great demand for renewing the latest data, another smaller P.T. investigation has been done as its interim survey applying the smaller number of samples compared with the regular investigation done every ten years.
In this study, using data from the both investigations, the method to revise traffic data is demonstrated based on comparing the traffic characteristics between these two times investigations.

View full abstract

In this paper, we present a random utility model, which can simultaneously express the consumer's short and long-term discrete choices within a unified framework. The risks with whichthe consumer are faced in her long-term choices is assumed to be endogenously emerged through a sequence of her subsequent short-run choices. Within our framework, the nested logit model can be regarded as a special case of our model where the consumer has risk neutral preferecnes. The qualitatibe properties of the model are theoretically investigated.

View full abstract

Currently, we developed MNP models with Structural covariance matrix to represent the route choice behavior upon the complicated network of a metropolitan region. In this paper, a few new approaches to employ the MNP models were developed theoretically in order to model the choice behavior of route, train, mode-combination and destination.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study is investigating efficient methods incorprating the heterogeneity of individual into the travel mode choice models. In this study, we propose two different market-segmentation approaches. One approach is a market segmentation by individual specific estimates obtained from a number of SP data of an individual. Another is a market segmentation by latent attitudinal variables. Then we applied these proposed methods to the mode choice SP data setting up virtual high-speed ferry and mode choice RP data. Finally, we got efficiently and interesting results, however some investigations are acquired.

View full abstract

The experiment of P&BR system was performed in Utunomiya City in 1995. In this study, we examined the influence of it to the central employees by using before and after questionnair survey.
Firstly, the influence of the traffic experiment in the consciousness change on mode choice is analyzed by using panel analysis.
Secondly, the change between before and after mode choice model compared through the parameter and t value of the model. as a result, We made clear how experiment change the personal value of mode choice and how the experiment make mode choice stable.

View full abstract

Opposing to a number of its advantages, panel data in transport also has some disadvantages such as an attrition bias caused by the non-random dropping out of participants in the panel survey and a response bias caused by the fatigue of repetitive participation in the panel for long term. The existing studies concerning the correction of the at trition bias in model building have mostly tackled with two-period panel data. However, the problem becomes more complicated and serious in modeling based on more than two-period panel data. This study aims to propose a new correcting method of the attrition and response biases in three-period panel data by using Mass Point approach. As a case study, the proposed method was applied to correct the biases in mode choice models based on SP panel data in Hiroshima. It was found that this method has higher power than the conventional methods with regards to the correction of the biased oarameters and the estimation of modal shares.

View full abstract

Problems of rat-runners that invade neighborhood streets may be more serious when most vehicles equipped Car Navigation Systems, because drivers on such vehicles can easily get into the neighborhood without any concern to be lost. This paper dealt with the mechanism of car drivers way finding and the influence of information on it. To study this subject, an experiment was conducted in which drivers who have various level of information including maps and Car Navigation System were asked to drive in the unknown area several times to investigate the mechanism of route choice and route learning.

View full abstract

Travel behaviour is variable across individuals and changeable over time. The objective of this study is to propose dynamic mode choice models dealing with unobserved heterogeneity and state dependence simultaneously based on Mass Point (MP) approach. Besides, dynamic MP models which incorporate the effects of state dependence in different forms are compared with one another regarding the estimative power for the actual mode choice behaviour and the temporal transferability of the models. Three kinds of variables representing the effects of state dependence are introduced in the models: previous choice result, previous choice utility and binary values transformed with the previous choice probability. As a result, it was confirmed that state dependence is significantly effective in mode choice choice models. The dynamic MP model which had previous choice result showed the highest goodness-of-fit of all models. Furthermore, the temporal transferability of these models was statistically accepted.

View full abstract

On-street parking caused by the activities of commercial facilities located along trunk roads were discussed in this paper. First, based on the data of Fukui City, it was revealed that the large part of commercial facilities are located along trunk roads. The factors concerning to the generation of on-street parking were enum erated and classified into six groups. Then, interview survey was conducted and the relationships among these factor groups were clarified by the technique of the Interpretive Structural Modeling. Also, the quantitative measurements of the influence magnitude were clarified on two factors: weather and the effects of existing parking.

View full abstract

It is necessary to convert commodity flow into the truck trips in transportation planning. In this paper we have proposed a trip conversion model for urban goods movement. We divide the trips into three types; first trip, middle trip, and last trip. Then we apply the gravity model for each trip and sum up by OD pairs. The models are estimated for foods products and clothes using a 1982 commodity flow survey in the Tokyo metropolitan area. we get improved restults over previous surveys.

View full abstract

This paper discusses the physical distribution problems in Sendai, develops an optimal routing and allocation model of trucks using neural network algorithm, and applies the model to determine the optimal location of freight transport complexes. The results show three discussion points. First, the existing physical distribution is quite ineffective in the view point of urban traffic. Second, the delivery cost of eight commodity sectors can be reduced by a cooperative delivery from the complexes. Third, surrounding area of Sendai airport and the next of Sendai seaport should be two of the strongest candidates of the freight complex for food product.

View full abstract

There exist 16 short, middle and long distant ferry routes for transporting trucks between the mainland and Hokkaido. This paper applies the discrete logit model to choice decisions of trucks among ferry routes, and identifies policy factors to shift a ferry rout from the Pacific Ocean side to the Japan Sea side. It used the data of “Ferry Trucks Survey” conducted in 1993 by the Ministry of Transport. The goodness of fit is high enough, but some models do not include full dependent variables such as travel time, cost and frequecy. Sea and land coordinated transport systems and wider use of toll expressways are suggested to shift ferry routes of trucks to the Japan Sea side.

View full abstract

Recently the freight transportation has brought many problems such as congestion, air pollution etc. It is important to clarify the mechanism of modal choice of shippers in freight transportation. In this paper, we developed a model of modal choice of intercity freight transportation. Goods were classified in terms of the products type, handing characteristics and its value by quantification theory type III. Then the result and other alternative specific variables which affect modal choice were used together in the study of modal choice by quantification theory type II.

View full abstract

The domestic air freight flows decreased in recent years though it increased repidly at the end of 1980s. This paper discusses the service level of airline and the item component that influence on domestic air freight flow. Airlines are classifed into four main groups by their service level. To each airline, it is considered that the change of item component and the change of air freight flow in different collecting time. It is clear that perishables has increased year by year and an air schedule is inconsistent with a demand of air freight flow.

View full abstract

In an air transportation network, raising the level of service of a route carries not only the induced travel demand on the route but also those on other routes. This is one of the important externality which should be considered in creating a regional hub system. This paper models the airline's profit maximization behavior by formulating cost and demand functions relating with fare, payload capacity, and frequency. The feasibility of several types of air transportation networks wasexamined throuth the numerical examples.

View full abstract

This paper aims to clarify the characteristics of changing parking demand to new parking lot, and to build the parking demand forecasting method considering its characteristics. Finally, we have obtained the following main results.
1) The characteristics of parking demand on week-day deffers from it on week-end.
2) Considering the difference, two types of binary logit model have been built.
3) On the other hand, it has been clarified that more than one of fifth demand of new parking lot was moved from other transportations and other areas.

View full abstract

This paper describes two methods to determine the groups of road segments to be constructed, the priority between them and the construction order of road segments within each group considering the disutility under construction. The dynamic programming and stochastic schemata exploiter method are utilized for optimization procedure. The mathematical modeling and solution technique are emphasized. An example problem is included and illustrated for showing the applicability of the proposed methods. The results indicate that the methods are useful for the multi-stage determination problems such as the road network planning.

View full abstract

In the influences of the railway improvement, the long-range influence to give the area is extremely important. However, there is to do back to few thinking of the background of the improvement in the past. Also, in the times, the purpose and the intention are changing. Therefore, in this study, it orders the contents and the transition of the purposes to the railway improvement and the oppositions against them from Meiji period. Then, it makes clear about how the role of the railway improvement was taken.

View full abstract

In this paper, we developed a simulation model of commuter railway passenger transport for Tokyo Met-ropolitan Area which can simulate the railway passenger's behavior, origin/destination station choice, railway route choice, and train operation type (e. g. express train or local train). Because the model is based on the network theory, this can express the effect of congestion in the route choice by flow-dependent link cost function. We also simulate the railway passenger's flow pattern in two plans by this model.

View full abstract

The purpose of this paper is to present the design method of a redundant highway network considering the investment cost on the network. This problem is to design a highway network which has some alternate routes available between pairs of cities with minmum investment cost.
The hybrid type genetic algorithm is developed to design the network. practically. This method leads to an optimum solution which satisfies a prespesified redundancy criterion.

View full abstract

The survey on stroller's behaviers were conducted at Tanushimaru town in Fukuoka prefecture to make the characteristics of strollings clear.
The followings became clear by the analysis.(1) frequency of strollings vary with sex, age and the constitution of his (her) family.(2) main purpose of strollings is keeping healthy.(3) silence and nature on road sides are the important reasons on route chice.
On the next stage, four principal components were extracted concerning stroller's behavier, and the whole data were classified into 12 groups, such as “ communication with friend type”, “ diligent type”, “ with dog type”, “ lunch-time type”, and etc.

View full abstract

The public transportation in local areas is mostly supplied by private enterprise buses. But the volume of the bus users has been decreasing for a long time. This trend is especially notable in and around the local small cities where the population has been stagnant and the private cars have found their way into almost all homes.
In this paper, the authors have developed a way to predict the bus user numbers in future in an area which is in a southerm part of Fukuoka Pre., and have proposed some ideas so as to maintain the public transportation system.

View full abstract

We analyzed the international air transportation network in East Asian region. Firstly, some indices which represent characteristics of airports were developed using network data (frequency, num. of cities, flight mileage). Competitive index was produced in order to explain a relationship between airports. Secondly, we examined the relevancy between some indices such as GDP, amount of trade and passenger demand and some indices measured in former section. Finally, airports were classified in terms of its network attributes using indices represent facilities and characteristics of each airport.

View full abstract

Recently the international air transportation demand shows an rapid increase, and a few major international airport projects are under way in Japan. But effective methods for analyzing air passenger's demand have not been established. This paper proposes a methodology for air passenger's demand analysis that explicitlyconsiders equilibrium between carrier's profit maximization and passenger's utility maximization behavior. Empirical analysis is also conducted using Japan's international air passenger's survey data.

View full abstract

The rapid progress of motorization and the development of airline flight path networks have altered the structure of the transportation demand in Japan since the 1960's. This study aims to observe the changes in the development of such networks from 1960 to 1990 based on travel time and cost, and to evaluate them basedon transportation users' value of time. In evaluation, we propose an index whichis the ratio of difference in time to cost between two modes of transport. The results show differences between regions in the network development as recently as 1990. It has been concluded from these figures that people living in big cities receive higher mobility services than those in rural areas.

View full abstract

The purpose of this paper is to identifiy the relation between highway construction and the formation of trip chainings by zone, considering both ratio of the munber of car-users after highway construction and the distance from the center area to each zone. After some characteristics concerning trip chaining patterns are empirically explored, a Markov-chain model is developed to estimate the values of the network-connectivity index before/after highway construction.

View full abstract

We have developed ‘Inter-Nodes Distance Index’ which consists of average and standard deviation of the shortest distance between 2 nodes, in order to evaluate the balance in mobility among areas in one region.
The purpose of this study is to show the effectiveness in applying this Index to evaluate a real road network. In this paper, the effectiveness of the trunk roads construction in Fukuoka City Region is evaluated from the view point of balance of mobility level over whole region and each area. And the optimul order of road construction is investigated based on the amount of saved trip-time during whole constructing period.

View full abstract

To alleviate the rising demand in the person trips in the Asian cities, most of the popu lated cities are trying to solve the problem by introducing Mass Rapid Transit. However the car owners are found to prefer their own vehicles to MRT. So mere building a MRT system does not ensure the solution for any city. This paper aimed to analyze the passenger behavior regarding modal choice.

View full abstract

apporo City is a local principal city, but now its subway sysytem sufffers a heavy deficit. However it is very important system for the city. So how to maintain it is a very big problem. We study it on Marketing, analyze the subway using people, make a modal choice model, and verify the demand increasing strategy. So we suggest the Marketing process for infrastructure.

View full abstract

Genetic Algorithms (GA) includes generally three genetic operators, selection, crossover and mutation.The lack of dependence on function gradients makes it more suitable to such problems, like as discrete optimization design problems and optimization design problems with non-convexities or disjointness in design space. The method is tried to apply to the Multiple Models Scheduling in this paper. The results suggest that GA is more effective for the optimization of large size Airline and Railway networks.

View full abstract

In order to increase bus trips in urban areas, it is important to improve the service level of bus systems.
In this paper, we propose a new method for optimal design of bus transportation networks by Genetic Algorithm. The characteristic of this method is to design the best transportation network by considering not only a set of bus routes but also a bus time table.

View full abstract

This paper aims to develop a three-dimensional optimization model for railway alignment design based on Dynamic Programming. In the model, the optimization of railway alignment design is regarded as an optimization of 3-dimensional curves, and the formulation of optimization and the treatment of constraints are simplified by using DP. This model is more practically oriented than models based on optimization method of partial derivatives. In theory, the proposed model can give a global optimization solution. The proposed model is verified by data from P.R.China.

View full abstract

This paper is composed of the following three steps. First of all, as a use characteristic of the car which uses a central district in Tama The use purpose facilities and the arrival interval of parking to each parking lot of time are totaled from the measurement data. This approximates to the function at parking time and arrival intervals. Next, these data and the capacity of the parking lot are used. The simulation to which the parking waiting time and the number of waiting are obtained in the time series is done. Finally, a proper scale of the parking lot corresponding to present demand is obtained by setting the upper bound at the parking waiting time corresponding to target facilities in the simulation. One methodology of the proper scale calculation of each step in the district where phased development like a central district in Tama is continued is presented from the above-mentioned result.

View full abstract

This paper aims to develop valid analysis frame for interaction between advanced information system and travel behavior. We examine the shopping destination choice model with parking guidance information. Pre-trip information system is assumed in this study. First, we develop a methodology to describe relation between information and travel behavior based on the likelihood matrix. Especially, the role of accuracy parameter of information system was well studied. Second, the several processes to evaluate the accuracy were compared. The results show the validity and rationality of our models. Finally, the further topics to be studied are discussed.

View full abstract

Reliability can evaluate traffic condition qualitatively. But, reliability analysis of road network is very difficult, because the characteristics of traffic, for example-The existence of O/D, need to be considered. In this study, a effective method for calculating reliability is proposed. This method can easily calculate the approximate value of reliability, because of the reduction of the size of network by searching the N-th shortest path. In order to know the advantages and disadvantages of this method, numerical experiments with Kyoto-City network are carried out. As a result, it is shown that the effects of traffic information are not same among different O/D pairs.

View full abstract

Focusing on the classification of on-road parking by vehicle type, this study clarifies the characteristics and problems of on-road parking by taxis in downtown areas based on surveys and analysis of such behavior. Past studies have found that ratio of the number of on-road parking taxis to all on-road parking vehicles in downtown areas is almost equivalent to that of trucks. The trucks have been the focus of measures from the viewpoint of logistics and delivery traffic. With regard to taxis, because their on-road parking situation is unclarified, few people have drawn attention to the significance if their management and control. Among on road-parking vehicles, this paper also estimates the volume of cruising taxi traffic, using such parameters as queue occurrence rate and queueing time at taxis bays.

View full abstract

Traffic guid signs are essential information source for drivers who are unfamiliar with the geography to reach their destinations safely and smoothly. Thus it is important to constract the efficient road signs at the effective places. This paper proposesthe methods for the optimal disposition of road sign in highway network. The first optimal mode-1 expresses the minimum equilibrium value of entropy and the second one expresses the minimum total value of entropy by dynamic programming. The model assumtion and the model building process are discussed and numerical analyses for two types of optimization are executed for a simple road network.

View full abstract

Developed analytical model for three lane uni-directional freeway revealed that, traffic distribution can be more accurately expressed by total traffic flow, heavy vehicle composition and average speed. Statistical tests were used to provide some insight to examine how location, geometry features and light condition might affect the traffic distribution. Moreover, developed theoretical concept revealed that amount of lane changeovers between adjacent lanes highly affects the traffic distribution in an uninterrupted freeway segment, and these lane changeovers are influenced by two defined traffic parameters., ratio of average speed and ratio of average traffic density between adjacent lanes. Analysed results revealed that, with the increasing total traffic flow, the changes in ratio of average density had very strong influence on traffic distribution. Finally, based on these results, three measures that might increase the freewaycapacity were suggested.

View full abstract