Quaternary-ammonium-salt-type amphiphilic ionic liquids with novel structures and functions were synthesized, and the physicochemical characteristics, the adsorption and aggregation properties in aqueous solution, and the surface and bulk properties of these amphiphilic ionic liquids were investigated. Furthermore, the bulk properties of these amphiphilic ionic liquids were investigated by using wide-angle X-ray scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy. It was revealed that these amphiphilic ionic liquids formed layer structures in bulk, and the spacing could be changed by the alkyl chain length and the length and structure of spacer of amphiphilic ionic liquids and the structures of added surfactants.

Although halogenated hydrocarbons (HHCs) such as halomethanes and haloethylenes are widely used as solvents and raw materials, their high toxicity and chemical stability have led to problems such as remaining in soil and marine environments. In this study, we attempted to develop a new synthetic method (chemical upcycling) that can directly convert these HHCs into useful chemical products. We have developed an approach to generate phosgene from chloroform in situ using the C-H oxygenation reaction by photoactivation of chlorine dioxide. This paper introduces the details of these reactions and the future potential of the chlorine dioxide photo-modification.

The coexistence of two immiscible phases results in the emergence of interfacial tension, also known as interfacial energy. Similarly, one-dimensional boundaries between different interfaces give rise to line tension, or excess line energy. Line tension can be categorized into two types. The first is domain line tension, which occurs at the boundary between two interfacial phases present on the same interface. The second type develops at three-phase boundaries. Common examples include the three-phase contact line of liquid droplets on solid surfaces and small particles adsorbed at air-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces. This review will discuss the underlying physical mechanisms of these two forms of line tension.