Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice

An Experimental study of the Effect of Loads on Frost Heaving and Soil Moisture Migration

Tsutomu TAKASHI, Minoru MASUDA

1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 109-119
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: January 20, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.109

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The application of the artificial freezing of soil to civil engineering has been developed and well utilized in Japan since 1962. The application, however, involves some difficult problems in spite of its benefits. Part of them has been solved on the practical as well as theoretical base mainly by the present authors. One of the most significant problems which remain unsolved, is the frost heave problem. The present paper discusses the problem under various conditions of load pressure in the open system.
Undisturbed soil sample, 10 cm in both diameter and height was enclosed in an acrylic acid resin cylinder of the apparatus (Fig. 1). The lower part of the cylinder contains an end cup filled with water. The surface of the water in the end cup was made to contact the bottom of the soil sample through the porous plate. The soil sample was sufficiently precooled at 0°C, and then cooled from the upper side at -2.5°C. The water in the end cup was kept at 0 °C during the freezing.
The following results were obtained :
1. The soil system discharges water during freezing when the load pressure exceeds a certain value (Fig. 3, 4).
2. The amount of frost heave decreases in accordance with the increase of load pressure (Fig. 7). The relation between the heave ratio (h), which means the ratio of the maximum heave amount to the initial height of sample, and the load pressure (p) is approximated as follows; h= h₀+ c/p, where h₀ and c are constants.
It is understood from this equation that complete elimination of heave action will be difficult, because it is assumed that h₀ is due to freeze-expansion of adsorbed water around soil particles behind the freezing front.
3. The relation between the amount of heave (Vh) and the amount of migrated water (Vw) is expressed by the following equation;
Vh= (1-α) ΓVwo± (1 +Γ) Vw
where, Γ is the coefficient of volume expansion of water changing into ice, Vwo is the volume of water in soil before freezing and a is a constant (0<α<1). Therefore, when soil moisture is discharged from the soil system (Vw< 0), the frost heave decreases in amount. The value of α was calculated as 0.3-0.4 in the present experiment (Figs. 9-12).

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On the Terraced Plantation (1)

Ujitoshi MATSUDA, Masao NOOMOTE

1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 120-125
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.120

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In the districts of heavy snowfalls, the extensive movement of accumulated snow is causing a great deal of damage to planted trees. In order to protect these trees from the damage, the mountainside slopes are cut to form terraces.
The terraced plantation has been practised for many years in some parts of Niigata Prefecture, but there are many problems remaining unsolved.
To solve these problems, the experiment was carried out at Yunotani Village and Koshiji Town in Niigata Prefecture. The terrace cut was made according to the formula as follows :
Koshiji T. H= 8L… (L =150 cm) H= 9L… (L =100 cm and 150 cm) H=10L … (L =100 cm and 150 cm)
Yunotani V. H= 4L… (L =80 cm, 120 cm and 160 cm) H= 6L … (L=80 cm, 120 cm and 160 cm) H= 8L… (L =80 cm, 120 cm and 160 cm)
H : height of the terraces
L : width of the terraces
Investigating the movement of the accumulated snow in the winter of 1966 to 1969, we obtained the following result : The accumulated snow on every terrace was stable where the width of the terrace was over 150 cm, but unstable when it was under 150 cm, revealing the close relation between the movement of the accumulated snow and the width of terraces.

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1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 126-130
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.126

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1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 131-133
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.131

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1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 134-138
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.134

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[in Japanese]

1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 139-155
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.139

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1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 156-168
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.156

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1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 169-186
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.169

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1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 187-196
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.187

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1971 Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 197-199
Published: September 30, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: July 23, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.33.197

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