Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice
Online ISSN : 1883-6267
Print ISSN : 0373-1006
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Volume 43, Issue 4
Displaying 1-5 of 5 articles from this issue
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  • On the natural snow crystals of cup type
    Masahiro KAJIKAWA, Naoko HOSAKA
    1981 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 201-205
    Published: December 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: February 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.43.201
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Snow crystals of cup type, which were scarcely ever reported in natural snowfall, were observed at the foot of Mt. Hachimantai, Akita Prefecture and at Inuvik, N. W. T., Canada, using a polarization microscope or a replica solution method.
    On the basis of study by X-ray Laue photography (Mason and Owston, 1952; Mizuno, 1971) of the hoar crystals of cup type, it seems that the snow crystals of this type constitute a single crystal by themselves. Further, the crystal lographic c-axis of them agrees with the princi pal axis of hexagonal cup and the horizontal stripes on their side planes (hopper faces) are parallel to the crystallographic a-axis.
    The growth condition of snow crystals of this cup type was estimated about -21°C in air temperature (Ta) and about 118% in saturation ratio (s), from Ta-s diagram. This growth con dition was very similar to that of artificial snow crystals of cup type in early stage by Nakaya (1954).
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  • An experimental study on maximum heaving pressure of soil
    Tsutomu TAKASHI, Takahiro OHRAI, Hideo YAMAMOTO, Jun OKAMOTO
    1981 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 207-216
    Published: December 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: February 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.43.207
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Heaving pressure tests were conducted on 4 soils of which frost susceptibilities were different. The experimental procedure is the same as that described by Takashi et al. (1979a: Seppyo, 41, 4, 277-287). Radd and Oertle (1973: Permafrost, 2nd Intern. Conf., North Amer. Contrib., 377-384) and Takashi et al. (1979a) have shown that the heaving pressure σu of soil which is set between warm (upper) and cold (lower) plates depends on the temperature at the cold plate, θc, and there is a linear relationship between them. In this study, σu depends on θc linearly in the region of relatively high temperature below freezing but σu deviates from the straight line with decreasing θc to approach a certain constant value asymptotically. This value is the maximum of σu and should be called the maximum heaving pressure, σu max, which depends on the soil type: i.e. σu max is larger than 300 kgf/cm2 for Manaita-bashi clay and it is 130 kgf/cm2 for Negishi silt, 30 kgf/cm2 for Nanao silt and 4 kgf/cm2 for Toyoura sand. σu max does not depend onθc, but depends on a temperature θcrit at which the continuity of veins of unfrozen water in frozen soil disappears, so that an expanded Clausius-Clapeyron equation expressing thermodynamic eqilibrium is valid between σu max and θcrit. Furthermore, it is shown that the ice lens growing region is determined from the temperature gradient, the effective stress and θcrit in frozen soil.
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  • Measurement of avalanche erosion rate on avalanche chute
    Kazuo SHIMOKAWA
    1981 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 217-223
    Published: December 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: February 05, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.43.217
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Avalanche chutes which are formed by the erosion of ground avalanche are widely distributed in mountainous region of the Northeastern part of Japan. The author measured the avalanche erosion rate on avalanche chutes of Mt. Mikagura and Rokujuri-goe Pass in the Echigo Mountains and Mt. Tanigawa in the Mikuni Mountains from 1974 to 1981. To obtain the erosion rate of avalanche chute, the volume of rock fragments contained in avalanche debris is measured.
    The results can be summarized as follows.
    The volume of rock fragments contained in each avalanche debris is 10-2-100m3, and about 0.723 on the average.
    The average erosion rate of avalanche chute obtained by the volume of rock fragments dividing by the area of avalanche chute is 10-3-10-1mm/year.
    The erosion rate of avalanche chute on which avalanche habituary occur is 10-1-10-4 in comparison with that on volcanic slopes and forest cut slopes covered with thick weathered materials.
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  • Avalanche at Hoeizan on 15 March, 1981
    Masaharu FUKUE, Koichi YAMASHITA, Katsutoshi EMOTO
    1981 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 225-229
    Published: December 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 07, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.43.225
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  • Canadian field activities in ice engineering (3)
    Masayoshi NAKAWO
    1981 Volume 43 Issue 4 Pages 231-238
    Published: December 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: August 07, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.43.231
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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