The purpose of the present paper is to raise an essential criticism on the dualistic development models of the Lewis-Ranis type. Specifically, their well-known conclusions that the rural labour force can be supplied "unlimitedly" to the industrial sector is not correct in the real situation of south-east Asian societies.
  First, much of the rural population seems to migrate from the village to the large towns, but their destination is not "modern industry" but "urban poverty." This urban poverty is called the "urban indigenous sector" in the present paper. With the 1970 data of Thailand, the author has tried to identify three sectors, namely, rural, urban indigenous and modern sectors. The urban indigenous sector is defined as having the following four characteristics.
 (1) It is a large town which is absorbing a huge amount of immigrants
  from the rural sector.
 (2) Geographically it includes the modern sector.
 (3) Most of the population, there, is engaged in "urban indigenous
   employment and self-employment."
 (4) The income-expenditure structure is a minimum subsistence structure.
 Using the characteristics cited above, the author has identified the Bangkok-Thon Buri population as the urban indigenous sector in Thailand. The net immigrations into Bangkok-Thomburi have been estimated.
  Second, the reason why people leave their village is far different from that which is explained by the model of the Lewis-Ranis type. People leave their village mostly because they lose their land, or lose the right to cultivate the land, and/or because they have pushed out from dependence on the land; in other words, they seldom leave their village only because they are on the minimum subsistence level. The present author has carried out several field surveys in Thailand. In the present paper some observations about Samkamphen, northern Thailand are offered to explain why people want, and do not want, to leave the rural sector.

抄録全体を表示

 In a further investigation of the characteristics in physical fitness of primary school children of three nations, Japan, Thailand and Indonesia, the results obtained on several tests (body height, body weight, chest circumference, skinfold fat, upper arm girth, leg length, hand grip, 50m dash and standing broad jump) were statistically compared among six groups of urban and suburban school children of Japan, Thailand and Indonesia and the possible effects of living conditions on physical fitness were discussed.
 The results obtained were as follows :
A) Comparisons among three urban groups. The Japanese group was better than the other two groups on the whole but there was no significant difference between the Thai and Indonesian groups.
B) Comparisons among three suburban groups. The Japanese group was better than the other two groups in all test items except in skinfold fat. On the other hand, the Thai group was nearly comparable to the Indonesian one.
C) Comparisons between urban and suburban groups of each nation. The ability to run the 50m dash was always better in suburban groups than in urban ones in all of the three nations. With this exception, however, urban groups were better than suburban ones in Thailand as well as in Indonesia and no definite differences between urban and suburban groups could be found in Japan.
D) Comparison of an urban group of one nation with suburban groups of the other two nations. (1) The Japanese urban group was clearly better than the Thai and Indonesian suburban ones; (2) The Japanese suburban group seemed to be better than the Thai and Indonesian suburban ones; (3) The Thai urban group was better than the Indonesian suburban one; and (4) the Indonesian urban group was better than the Thai suburban one.

抄録全体を表示

 This note tries to follow up the process of land tax reform in Thailand from 1874 to 1906. The reform could be understood in the context of fiscal reform. The fiscal reform can be summed up as the dynamic process to eliminate tax farming system, which used to foster groups antagonistic to the national integration policy of King Chulalongkorn. In other words, in order to bring about the national integration, it was necessary to prepair the material condition of the local administration reform.
 Land tax collection had been traditionally administered by krom Na (Ministry of Agriculture). During the reign of King Mongkut, Krom Na had changed into almost the same status of tax farmer, by contracting to pay the fixed rate of tax to the treasury every year. The task of land tax reform, was therefore, to integrate Krom Na into the bureaucratic system again and to decrease the tax leakage from Krom Na and local officials, by improving the collecting system. The next step was to eliminate Krom Na from the tax collecting system. From 1888 to 1896,confrontation between Krom Na and the integration group of the king concerning the method of collecting the land tax seemed to occur often. After the victory of the latter over the former, the land tax was collected by Phrakhlang (Ministry of Finance) in place of Krom Na. The third step was to revise the tax rate to increase the revenue. After the success in amending the provisions of the Bowring Treaty which had fixed the tax rate, the revenue of land tax doubled all of a sudden. Partly because of the delay of issuing title deeds and partly because of its separation from the tax collecting administration, the land tax reform in Thailand did not directly contribute to the settling of the titles to land.

抄録全体を表示

 As one of its stipulations of the Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Siam and Great Britain signed in April 1855, the British were accorded the privilege of Consular jurisdiction over British subjects. Subsequently, similar treaties were concluded with various European nations. The provisions of Consular jurisdiction could be easily conceded, for it seemed convenient for the Siamese at that time to let each consulate hold the trials of the small number of European traders who were accustomed to a different law.
  However, as the situations changed during the last half of the 19th century, the treaty provisions became burdensome. The exemption from the Siamese jurisdiction was extended to many Asiatic subjects born in the Colonies which the European nations were acquiring and even more, to the foreign protégés, mostly Chinese, registered at some European consulate. Especially, the French consulate was eager to enroll many Chinese as French protégés. Thus people excluded from the law and punishment of Siam increased by ever widening scale. The Siamese were obliged to take some measures as to prevent the whole-sale creation of protégés. This seemed to have constituted one of the motivating forces of the modernization.

抄録全体を表示

 Based on field work in India and Nepal, monsoon Asia is classified into five vertical zones in terms of agricultural landuse. The five zones are, from low to high altitude, 1) paddy dominant zone, 2) maize-millet and paddy zone with tropical plants, 3) maize-millet and paddy zone without tropical plants, 4) maize and wheat zone, and 5) potato and bitter buckwheat zone. This last has many animals. These zones correspond well to the topographic regions. the paddy dominant zone coincides with the Lowland and Highland regions. The maize zones, that is the zones 2) to 4) fall in the Hill region. The potato and bitter buckwheat zone corresponds to the Alpine region. Roughly speaking, the Lowland and Highland regions are the domain of rice, the Hill region of upland crops, and the Alpine region of animals. More detailed analysis reveals that the domain of rice is further divided into two areas, i.e. the photo-sensitive rice dominant area and the non photo-sensitive rice dominant area. The former is an area of poor drainage, while the latter is an area of good drainage. The domain of upland crops is also subdivided. There are a lower horizon of monsoon crops, a middle horizon of Mediterranean type crops and a higher horizon of Alpine crops. At the highest altitude, the landuse pattern becomes a nomadic one, heavily dependent on animal raising rather than soil cultivation.

抄録全体を表示

 The aim of this research was to study the effects of tropical climate on physical characteristics of men and their physiological responses in relation to temperature control. The research was carried out on 30 male Thai, aged 21 years old, and 8 male Japanese residents in Thailand, aged 25-45 years old, in September of 1975. Oral temperature and skin temperatures for each subject in recumbent position were estimated in a room at temperature of 27-28℃ in early morning and anthropometrical measurements were made. The mean value of oral temperature for Thai (36.4℃) was slightly lower than that for Japanese 36.5℃ and the mean value of mean skin temperature for the Thai (34.0℃) was higher than that for Japanese (33.8℃). These results suggested that the Thai has higher conductive-convective heat transfer coefficient from core to skin than Japanese. The Thai has significantly lighter body weight (52.8kg) and thinner mean skinfolds (8.4mm) than Japanese (64.5kg and 10.9mm, respectively). The mean values of girths of chest, upper arm and thigh for Thai were 85.0cm, 26.9cm and 47.5cm respectively and were significantly shorter than those for Japanese (91.2cm, 28.3cm and 50.7cm, respectively).
 The anthropometrical characteristics of Thai people may be explained as due to a result of adaptation to hot environment. As the number of subjects measured were not enough to draw an exact conclusion, further studies with more subjects of two kinds of peoples should be made in the future.

抄録全体を表示

 On the basis of my personal experience and the many valuable studies carried out by Thai researchers, I have outlined the status of nutrition in Thailand and have pointed out the important problems in this field. Of many nutrients needed to live, animal protein, vitamin A and B_2 are conspicuously deficient in general. Particularly in the cases of children, pregnant and lactating women these deficiencies are proposing a serious problem which must be overcome. In regard to this problem the author would like to make the following two points : (1) how the regrettable custom of feeding the infant on a premasticated supplement of rice during the first week after birth has been maintained and (2) why children have been hindered from getting animal protein of good enough quality to grow well. In addition, it is pointed out that several adult diseases usually accelerated by overeating can be found.

抄録全体を表示

 A considerable proportion of crude drugs is used for dermatological purposes and infectious diseases in thailand. The authors' primary concern was to examine their medicinal activity and to isolate active principles, if any, from them. Methanol extracts of 24 drugs were examined for antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphyl-ococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Although more than 40% of the extracts showed some activity, there was no drug posessing a strong activity.

抄録全体を表示

 1966年10～11月, タイ, マレーシア, 台湾の各地から罹病イネ穂を採集して, それらの変色籾から菌類を分離し, わが国産のそれと比較検討した。
 タイ, マレーシア, 台湾の各地で採集した籾には, 採集時期の関係もあって稔実不良のものも少なくなかったが, 稔実良好なものもすべて著しく変色していた。
 分離した菌類のうち, Phoma sp.は日本および台湾北部産の籾からよく分離されたが, 台湾中部(台中), タイ, マレーシア産の籾からは全く分離されなかった。Curvularia lunataは台湾, タイ, マレーシア産籾からは普遍的にかなりの頻度で分離されたが, 滋賀県産の籾からは少なかった。
 Trichoconis padwickii. Hansfordia sp.はタイ国産籾からのみ分難された。またNigrospora oryzaeは台湾, タイ国産籾からかなりの頻度で分離された。
 これらの菌類はほとんどすべて玄米中からも分離された。

抄録全体を表示