In Yen Hung sub-prefecture, An Bang province (now Quang Ninh province), Vietnam, two inscriptions from the fifteenth century record a survey of newly reclaimed land and the dealings of the Le govenment.
 During the reign of emperor Le Thanh Tong, an administrative system was established consisting of the capital, provinces, prefectures, sub-prefectures, and villages.
 These inscriptions record two interesting matters. One is the significance of the governor of the sub-prefecture. Another is the significance of the high-ranking officials sent from the capital. Little mention is made of the governor of the province.
 An Bang was one of the outlying provinces, and because of this, the civil governor of the province was engaged in many military affairs. This situation is reflected in the inscriptions.
 In this paper, I examine only one province, but according to Vietnamese chronicles, the same tendency can be seen in the whole state. So I would like to propose the following interpretation.
 During the reign of emperor Le Thanh Tong, large-scale reclamation plans were carried out in many provinces, and this led to many small reclamation works by aristocrats and peasants. So the governors of sub-prefectures had to deal with many and various problems. But the government did not want to empower them to do so. Moreover, the provincial governors could not adequately supervise them because of their heavy workload. To solve the situation, the government sent high-ranking officials from the capital.

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With the economic growth of Thailand, change from monoculture of rice to diversified farming is about to occur in the Chao Phraya delta. Diversified farming offers high profit, but requires high initial investment for upgrading of farming conditions. Its expansion is still limited to scattered areas of the delta. The present study discusses effective land and water resources management in crop diversification in the delta based on an analysis of the impacts of urbanization, the land reform program, and irrigation and drainage conditions on the expansion of citrus cultivation in the North Rangsit Irrigation Project. Reliable irrigation and drainage conditions, stable land use and water availability, and direct access to irrigation and drainage canals and farm roads are identified as prerequisites for substantial expansion of citrus cultivation in the selected area. Therefore, instead of flexible and extensive land and water resources management for monoculture of rice, long-term planning of land and water resources utilization, and farm-level infrastructure development are recommended to encourage farmers to diversify their farming.

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Indigenous glutinous rice varieties have recently been replaced with an improved variety, RD6, in Northeast Thailand. The good cooking quality and high yielding ability of RD6 have induced many farmers to plant it in their paddy fields. Productivity per planted field in the surveyed village has increased due to the planting of RD6 as well as the adoption of power tillers, subsidiary irrigation and fertilizers. This variety, a panicle-number type, tends to increase yields more easily than the old varieties when planted densely in the appropriate season with judicious fertilizer management under conditions of no drought and no inundation. Nevertheless, the instability of rice production caused by flood and drought is yet to be resolved in rain-fed cultivation. Planting RD6 in an unsuitable area normally fails to produce a good harvest. More improved varieties for rain-fed cultivation should be released in this region.

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Many researchers on rural Northeast Thailand have found a kind of joint farming which is mostly formed by households of parents and children. This is considered as a cooperative action of close kin in order to maintain their productivity. However, no study has been made of why they adopt such a form of cooperation with each other. The author investigated every case of joint farming in a village in 1989 and categorized the reasons for joint farming. An interview survey of elderly villagers was also carried out to learn the characteristics of joint farming in the old days. The author has found that most cases of cooperation are formed to cope with economic conditions both inside and outside of the farm households. As a result, the reasons for joint farming are affected by the changing economic situation, especially the migration of the young labor force and the shortage of farmland. The new economic conditions have also affected the motivation of cooperation between parents and children. Many cases are formed in which parents utilize their land ownership to force their children to offer help with labor. The cooperation is now formed as an economic contract between individual economic units rather than as a communal unity of close kin.

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In the mountainous “Gantarang” region inhabited by the Makassar people, the upper classes living at the foot of the palace had monopolized rainfed rice fields and sugar palm communities, while the commoners, who were shifting cultivators, had produced maize on the slopes of the mountains around the upper classes' villages.
 From the 1970s, the commoners began to settle down and make colonies on the middle mountain slopes in consequence of strong prohibition of shifting cultivation due to pine plantation projects by the government. As a result, in the late 1980s when the watershed management project was inaugurated in cooperation with JICA, slash-and-burn agriculture and firing for grazing had vanished. Since the implementation of the project, the upper classes have been earning considerable amounts of cash income as wage laborers for the various activities of the project, and the commoners have been diversifying their income sources, stimulated by construction and improvement of the road network.
 Organizational aspects of the culture show signs of changes under the influence of the project. The project's effects, however, have not reached the ideological aspects of the culture.

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