This article is an abstract of the special paper read at the 14th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Tropical Medicine held in Nagasaki, Japan, on November 27 and 28, 1972. The distributions of the drug-resistant malaria strains were introduced as refered to the WHO and other publications. Drugs stated in relation to this subject were chloroquine, pyrimethamine, proguanil, quinine, mepacrine, primaquine, and others. It was pointed out that the chloroquine-resistant falciparum strains have been distributing widely everywhere in the endemic areas except Africa and showing the cross-resistance to other antimalarials in common use. The effect of several sulfas to malaria was emphasized but the possible development of the resistant parasites to these sulfas was warned as the future problem to be noticed.

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著者らは1970～1972年の期間に済洲島南岸の地域においてマレー糸状虫症が濃厚に分布していることを確認した。為美1里の場合, 海岸部の住民は内陸部側の住民に比べ濃厚に感染を受けていた。この傾向は下洞部落でも同様で, これは伝搬者であるAedes togoiの発生地である海岸の岩礁地帯と住民の居住地との距離が重要な役割を果しているものと推定された。しかし, 為美のように大きな村では, 内陸部住民における皮内反応膨疹サイズは, 海岸側に比べ小さかったが, 下洞のような小さな部落では, 内陸側と海岸側の住民の間には差が見られなかった。これは下洞の場合, 海岸からの距離が小さく, 海岸に密着しているため, 感染蚊による感作という点では, 全住民がほぼ一様であったためと思われる。為美1里のmf保有者は1970年に集団治療を実施したが, 1970年と1972年に夫々の時点での6-11才児を皮内反応でチェックした結果, 1972年には皮内反応膨疹サイズに縮少が見られた。この事実は, その地域のフィラリア伝搬の低下と関連があると推定される。

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済洲島において1970～1972年の8, 9月に蚊の採集を行なって合計14種を得たが, その中で人家内で住民から主として吸血をするのはアカイエカとトウゴウヤブカであった。また, マレー糸状虫の感染幼虫による自然感染はトウゴウヤブカにおいてのみ見られた。以上のことから, 済洲島におけるマレー糸状虫症の主伝搬蚊はトウゴウヤブカと考えられる。他地方でマレー糸状虫症の伝搬者として知られるシナハマダラカは, 済洲島では幼虫の発生場所が極めて少なく, 伝搬に重要な役割を果しているとは考えられない!マレー糸状虫の幼虫がトウゴウヤブカ体内で成熟するに要する日数は, 患家で採集した雌成虫を種々の期間飼育の後に解剖した成績から, 夏では6～9日と推定された。これはバンクロフト糸状虫の場合と比べるとずっと短い。トウゴウヤブカの幼虫は主として海岸の岩の水たまりから発生し, 部落の中での発生は極めて少ない。本種の雌成虫は海岸近くの人家で多く, 内陸部に入るほど少なくなる傾向が見られ, マレー糸状虫症の患者の分布にも同様の傾向が見られる。

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Since 1964, the Kobe University School of Medicine has continued yearly a medical survey in summer in Indonesia with an attempt to promote the mutual friendship between Japan and Indonesia through medicine.
Between July and September 1966, we have conducted a medical survey and serivec on 812 patients in the mountain district of Madjalengka area, western Java including Madjalengka, Argalingga, Kantjana Tjipulus, Nunuk and Tjibodas in Indonesia. Eosinophilia (more than 500/mm³ in the peripheral blood) was detected in 142 cases (52.2%) among 272 inspected cases.
No significant difference was found in the occurrence of eosinophilia between males and females, and between ages. In 26.1 % of the eosinophilia patients, malaria and/or frambesia were found in their past-history. Gastro-intestinal complaints were found in 57.7% of the eosinophilia patients, cardiovascular complaints in 16.2%, respiratory complaints in 20.4%, and skin complaints in 19%. In 12 patients, whose eosinophils in the peripheral blood were more than 2, 000/mm³, cardio-vascular and respiratory complaints were detected in 6 and 5 patients, respectively.
Although we have detected endemic goiter in this area as shown in the previous report, no significant relationship between eosinophilia and endemic goiter was found.
As for the cause of such eosinophilia, the life environment of people in the district appears to be most important, though a definite conclusion has not been reached until present.

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There are thirteen species of vipers distributing in Japan. Among them, adder (Mamushi in Japanese : Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii) is most common except Amami Island, Kagoshima Prefecture and Okinawa Prefecture.
Although the injection of anti-Mamushi serum to the Mamushi bite cases is very effective, we used to hesitate the use of the serum because of possible occur of the serum disease. Under the background mentioned above, we have successfully treated nine patients of Mamushi bite in a farm village of Kyoto Prefecture by washing the wounds with 5% tannic acid solution which was first demonstrated by Okonogi et al. in 1970.
This method is very easy and useful, and considered to be most appropriate in a case of the following conditions : (1) patient within 15 minutes after bite, (2) patient who has ever treated by anti-Mamushi serum, (3) patient who has allergic constitution, and (4) species of snake bited is doubtful whether it was Mamushi or not.

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