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Yoichi Shirai, Kaori Yara
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
409-417
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Thermal responses in regard to female oviposition and larval development were investigated in the invasion population of the Mexican bean beetle,
Epilachna varivestis whose presence was initially confirmed in Yamanashi and Nagano Prefectures, central Japan in 1997. Oogenesis in the female was inhibited when exposed to 27.5°C for five continuous days. Larval development was inhibited markedly at 30°C, and survival rate declined to nearly 0% when exposed to 32.5°C for more than five days. Based on these high-temperature stresses and the 30-year average temperature data in Japan (1961–1990), we estimated the potential distribution area of
E. varivestis in Japan. It is predicted that
E. varivestis will be less abundant in the south-western areas of central Japan, while this beetle could survive efficiently and maintain a high population level in the mountainous areas of central Japan, and in almost all of northern Japan (Tohoku and Hokkaido).
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Mustapha F. A. Jallow, Masaya Matsumura, Yoshito Suzuki
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
419-426
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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We investigated the host selection behavior and reproductive performance of
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in glasshouse bioassays. Irrespective of the growth stages of the host species tested, females showed strong oviposition preference for maize and okra, followed by tomato. There was a distinct non-preference for eggplant and pepper. The preferred ovipositional site on tomato, maize, okra and pepper was on leaves, and on eggplant, flowers and fruits were more preferred. The within-plant distribution of larvae based on the number of larvae feeding per plant part was highest on flowers and fruits of tomato and on the silk, cob and tassel of maize. Leaves were the preferred feeding sites for neonates on okra. Bionomics studies indicated a significant variation in the ability of different host plants to support the life history stages of the insect. Larvae reared on maize and okra had low survival rates, and produced smaller pupae that were more likely to die, and emerged adults were less fecund compared to those reared on tomato, eggplant, pepper and artificial diet. These results suggest that for
H. armigera, growth and survival of offspring appear unrelated to adult host plant choice.
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Mustapha F. A. Jallow, Masaya Matsumura
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
427-430
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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We investigated the effects of a range of constant temperatures (13.3–32.5°C) on the development of all stages of
Helicoverpa armigera (Kumamoto population) reared on tomato. The duration of the different life history stages decreased as temperature increased from 13.3°C to 32.5°C. A developmental threshold of 10.5°C, 11.3°C and 13.8°C was estimated for the eggs, larvae and pupal stages, respectively. A thermal constant of 51 degree-days above a threshold of 10.5°C was required for the development of the eggs. The larval stage required 215.1 degree-days and the pupal stage 151.8 degree-days above 11.3°C and 13.8°C developmental thresholds, respectively. Results from these studies may provide information important for predicting the field population phenology of
H. armigera in Kumamoto Prefecture.
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Yasuhito Shirai, Yulan Jiang, Satoki Yoshioka, Yasuo Aizono
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
431-438
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Immunoreactivities against anti-bombyxin and anti-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor on sequential sections of the pupal brain of
Bombyx mori showed that bombyxin-producing neurosecretory cells expressed the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Carbachol at 100 μ
M induced isolated bombyxin-producing neurosecretory cells to depolarize in the range of 5 to 20 mV and the carbachol-induced depolarization was blocked with 1 m
M atropine (muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist). These results suggested that a direct transmission to regulate release of bombyxin occurs on the bombyxin neurosecretory cells. In fact, the release of bombyxin from the brain-corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex was induced with carbachol and inhibited with atropine, indicating that the release of bombyxin is, at least partially, regulated by muscarinic transmission.
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Shin Nakayama, Atsuko Suzuki, Shuhei Fujii, Ryoichi Yamamoto
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
439-442
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Sugar moieties of glycoproteins in silkworm hemolymph were examined with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled lectins. The glycoproteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and transferred to a hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The membranes were treated with several kinds of FITC-labeled lectins. A glycoprotein of 130 kDa molecular weight was the principal glycoprotein on the electrophoretogram and was found to react well with lectins from
Canavalia ensiformis,
Lens culinaris and
Pisam sativum. The silkworm hemolymph proteins including the 130k-glycoprotein did not react with lectins from
Triticum vulgaris,
Limulus polyphemus and
Vicia villosa, while the control substances, sheep blood proteins and fetuin, a plasma glycoprotein from calf serum, reacted with the lectin from
T. vulgaris. These findings indicate that the main terminal residue of the sugar side chains of the 130k-glycoprotein in the silkworm hemolymph is not
N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) or
N-acetyl glucosamine but mannose or glucose or
N-acetyl galactosamine.
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Michikazu Nomura, Yukio Ishikawa
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
443-449
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Changes in cold hardiness, high-temperature tolerance and trehalose content in the onion maggot,
Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), associated with the summer and winter diapause were investigated. Survival of summer- and winter-diapausing pupae after a 15 day exposure to −15°C was greater than 80%, while less than 5% of non-diapausing pupae survived the same treatment. Greater than 80% of winter-diapausing pupae survived −23°C for 15 days, but survival of summer-diapausing pupae at the same procedure was less than 30%. More than 75% of summer- and winter-diapausing pupae, but not non-diapausing pupae, tolerated 35°C for 15 days. Trehalose concentrations in summer- and winter-diapausing pupae were not high at the beginning of diapause (≈5 μg/mg), but increased gradually and reached 10 μg/mg in 40 days, although they were kept at relatively high temperatures of 25°C (summer diapause) or 15°C (winter diapause). Cold hardiness of pupae, however, was not proportional to their trehalose content; although trehalose concentrations in winter- and summer-diapausing pupae at day 40 (WD40 and SD40) were similar (≈10 μg/mg), cold hardiness of these pupae differed largely (WD40>SD40).
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Jin-Sik Bae, Iksoo Kim, Seong-Ryul Kim, Byung-Rae Jin, Hung-Dae Sohn
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
451-457
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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We analyzed a portion of mitochondrial COI gene sequences (406 bp) to investigate the genetic diversity and geographic variation of the mushroom pest flies
Lycoriella mali and
Coboldia fuscipes in Korea.
L. mali showed minimal sequence divergence (0.2%) in two mtDNA haplotypes, whereas
C. fuscipes showed an intermediate level of sequence divergence (1.2% at maximum) compared with other relevant studies. While
L. mali was fixed with one haplotype except for one population,
C. fuscipes possessed a total of ten mtDNA haplotypes, and six of these occurred commonly in multiple populations. We ascribed the difference in the level of genetic variation between the two species to a difference in the degree to which they are dependent on cultured mushroom, which is a fluctuating food source. In
C. fuscipes, as in other cosmopolitan insect pest species, a high rate of female migration (
Nm=0.947–infinite) and little genetic differentiation (F
ST=0.345–−0.094) between populations were estimated.
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Norihide Hinomoto, Mh. Osakabe, Tetsuo Gotoh, Akio Takafuji
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
459-464
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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To determine the phylogenetic relationship between two forms of Japanese
Tetranychus urticae, a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was sequenced for thirteen strains of the green form and eight strains of the red form. The Japanese green and red forms each consisted of three haplotypes, and the two forms were distinct from each other. However, phylogenetic analysis including mite samples from outside Japan revealed that the two forms are included in a single cluster. Although the entirety of
T. urticae is comprised of two well diverged lineages, each of the two lineages included both the green and red forms. Thus, we conclude that from a phylogenetic viewpoint using COI sequences, the two forms belong to a single species.
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Hiroaki Serizawa, Tetsuro Shinoda, Akira Kawai
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
465-470
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Larvae of the diamondback moth,
Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), a crucifer specialist, refuse to feed on the wintercress,
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (Brassicaceae). The mechanism of this unacceptability to
P. xylostella was evaluated by a series of no-choice bioassays using leaf disks. Topical application of sinigrin enhanced feeding of the larvae on the leaf disks of a non-host plant, lettuce (
Lactuca sativa L.), but not on those of
B. vulgaris. Application of the crude methanolic extract from
B. vulgaris leaves deterred
P. xylostella feeding on the leaf disks of cabbage (
Brassica oleracea L.) in a dose-dependent manner. This feeding deterrent activity was transferred predominantly to the chloroform fraction, but not to the
n-hexane or water fractions. These results suggest that the unacceptability of
B. vulgaris to
P. xylostella larvae is mainly due to chemical constituent(s) extractable with chloroform.
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Kei Kawazu, Osamu Setokuchi, Katsuyuki Kohno, Keiichi Takahashi, Yutak ...
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
471-474
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Field bioassays with 3 different types of synthetic pheromone blends (Japanese, Indian and Philippine blends) based on geographic variation in the sex pheromones in
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis were performed in 1998 and 1999 in the South-Western Islands of Japan. Only the Japanese blend attracted
C. medinalis males, while neither the Indian nor the Philippine blend showed attractiveness, as in the Japan mainland. However, both the Philippine and the Indian blends attracted males of a different species,
C. pilosa, which is closely related to
C. medinalis. Geographic variation in the sex pheromones of
C. medinalis as well as the relationship between
C. medinalis and
C. pilosa are discussed.
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Toshihiro Imai, Michihide Maekawa, Tamotsu Murai
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
475-478
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Methyl anthranilate, a common flower volatile component, was found to be a potent attractant for four species of flower thrips,
Thrips hawaiiensis,
T. coloratus,
T. flavus, and
Megalurothrips distalis, irrespective of sex. Methyl anthranilate attracted significantly larger numbers of these four species than
p-anisaldehyde, an already-known attractant for several species of flower thrips. The attractiveness of the related compounds varied between the species: Within 13 related compounds; two positional isomers and 11 functional-group-substituted compounds;
o-anisidine and
o-aminoacetophenone for
T. hawaiiensis, and methyl
m-aminobenzoate,
o-anisidine, methyl benzoate and methyl
o-toluate for
T. coloratus, were almost as attractive as methyl anthranilate. Meanwhile, no compounds except for methyl anthranilate were attractive to
T. flavus and
M. distalis.
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Yoshihisa Abe
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
479-482
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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I examined the effects of host age at oviposition, from 0 to 4 days (egg to mature larva), on emergence rate and developmental period of the leafminer parasitoid
Gronotoma micromorpha (Perkins) (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) under laboratory conditions in the host
Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). No significant difference was found in the emergence rates of
G. micromorpha among the host ages examined. However, the developmental period of
G. micromorpha was significantly shorter when ovipositing into 3- or 4-d-old
L. trifolii. The occurrence of thelytokous parthenogenesis in
G. micromorpha was confirmed. The results show that
G. micromorpha is an egg-pupal and larval-pupal parasitoid, utilizing a wide range of host stages in which oviposition can occur and progeny can complete development.
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Izumi Ohta
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
483-488
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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The developments of
Orius strigicollis eggs and nymphs reared on
Frankliniella occidentalis were investigated at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 33°C. Developmental times in the egg and nymphal stages decreased with increasing temperatures although the period of the egg stage at 33°C was almost equal to that at 30°C. The lower developmental thresholds and total effective temperatures were calculated as 11.5°C and 57.5 degree-days for eggs, 11.0°C and 158.7 degree-days for female nymphs, and 10.6°C and 166.7 degree-days for male nymphs, respectively. Hatchabilities were over 90% at 15–30°C, but 80.1% at 33°C. There was no significant difference in the survival rate at the nymphal stage among the temperatures tested.
O. strigicollis developed from egg to adult at the same developmental rate as
Orius sauteri and faster than
Orius laevigatus.
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Tamotsu Murai, Yutaka Narai, Naoto Sugiura
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
489-494
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Utilization of germinated broad bean seed (
Vicia faba L.) as an alternative oviposition substrate for
Orius sauteri (Poppius), a candidate biological control agent against thrips, was investigated under condition of 24°C and 16L : 8D.
O. sauteri could lay eggs in a juvenile root of germinated broad bean seed provided as an oviposition substrate and these eggs could hatch with 97.1% hatch rate. Both nymphs and adults of
O. sauteri were successfully reared on diet of the Mediterranean flour moth eggs (
Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) with germinated broad beans as an oviposition substrate and without supplemental water supply. Mean developmental time from hatching to adult eclosion was 12.9 days for males and 13.3 days for females. Mean longevity of ovipositing females was 41.5 days and the total mean number of eggs laid per female was 108.7. Germinated broad beans could provide water and were suitable as an oviposition substrate. Germinated broad bean seeds with eggs could be stored at 2.5°C to 12.5°C for one week and these eggs could hatch at high rates. Thus, germinated broad bean seed appeared to be a suitable oviposition substrate for mass production of
O. sauteri.
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Fumio Ihara, Katsuhiko Yaginuma, Norio Kobayashi, Koji Mishiro, Takeru ...
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
495-500
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Entomopathogenic fungi with high pathogenicity against the brown-winged green bug adult,
Plautia stali, were selected from among the 711 isolates of entomopathogenic fungi in our laboratory culture collections including
Beauveria,
Metarhizium and
Paecilomyces genera. For the first screening, a plate assay method, in which stink bugs contacted conidia on their developing plates, was used, and 31 isolates of
Beauveria bassiana and 20 isolates of
Metarhizium anisopliae were selected. For the second selection, stink bugs were dipped into a conidial suspension, and LC
50 values were estimated from the data of the 7th day after treatments. The results showed that
Metarhizium isolates were relatively more virulent than
Beauveria isolates. The minimum LC
50 value was obtained from
M. anisopliae isolate FRM515, being 6×10
4 conidia/ml. When the suspension of 1×10
7 conidia/ml was used, LT
50 value of the isolate was 4.9 days. The highest pathogenicity of isolate FRM515 in our collections suggests that the isolate would be a potential candidate as a microbial control agent for the stink bug.
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I Nyoman Widiarta, Masaya Matsumura, Yoshito Suzuki, Fusao Nakasuji
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
501-507
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to examine whether a sublethal dosage application of imidacloprid can induce physiological or ecological resurgence in the green leafhoppers
Nephotettix virescens and
Nephotettix cincticeps. Fecundity of
N. virescens and
N. cincticeps exposed to imidacloprid-treated rice seedlings was reduced to one-third and one-half, respectively, that of insects not exposed. Effect of imidacloprid on egg parasitoids of
N. virescens was not detected because the percentage parasitism of
N. virescens eggs was very low. The number of
N. virescens adults consumed by a lycosid spider
Pardosa pseudoannulata which was exposed to imidacloprid-treated rice seedlings for the last 24 h before experiment was significantly lower than that on untreated ones. However, the number consumed by a spider fed prey treated directly with imidacloprid was not significantly different from that of untreated prey. Survivorship of the mirid bug
Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and the proportions of
N. cincticeps eggs preyed on by bugs exposed to imidacloprid-treated seedlings or fed on eggs laid in the stems of treated seedlings were significantly lower than those of untreated ones. The results suggest that a sublethal dosage application of imidacloprid does not cause physiological resurgence in both green leafhopper species but it does induce ecological resurgence.
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Sang Soo Kim, Sang Gi Seo
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
509-514
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
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The relative toxicity of some acaricides to the predatory mite,
Amblyseius womersleyi and the twospotted spider mite,
Tetranychus urticae was evaluated in the laboratory. Bifenazate, acequinocyl and flufenoxuron, were much less toxic to adult females and immatures of
A. womersleyi than to those of
T. urticae, and egg production of adult female predators treated with these three acaricides was 70–91% that of control females. Etoxazole and chlorfenapyr did not seriously affect the survival and reproduction of adult female predators but caused high mortality rates in eggs and larvae of
A. womersleyi. Azocyclotin, milbemectin and fenazaquin were very toxic to adult females and immatures of
A. womersleyi. Adult female predators survived on a diet of spider mites treated with bifenazate, acequinocyl and flufenoxuron, and their fecundity was not substantially affected. The results indicate that bifenazate, acequinocyl and flufenoxuron are promising candidates for use in integrated mite management programs where
A. womersleyi is the major natural enemy.
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Hitoshi Sasaki
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
515-519
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
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Five different NG2G colored traps were evaluated for capturing four Japanese tabanid flies:
Hybomitra olsoi,
Hirosia iyoensis,
Tabanus nipponicus and
Haematopota tristis in the fields. Blue and red colors were effective for all species. For
H. olsoi blue was the most effective and, white and yellow were the least. All species were caught in small numbers with yellow traps. Black and blue were most effective for
H. iyoensis and red was most effective for
T. nipponicus. The behavior of
H. tristis differed considerably from that of other species, namely they were captured in the large numbers in the blue, white and red traps but few were captured in the black traps.
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Shin-Ichiro Tachibana, Hideharu Numata
Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2001 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages
521-523
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: April 25, 2003
JOURNAL
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Larvae of the blow fly,
Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were reared on an artificial diet primarily composed of whole milk powder, dried yeast and wheat germ. No significant differences were observed in mortality during the larval and pupal stages, and in pupal weight between larvae reared on this diet and those reared on beef liver, although duration of the larval stage on the artificial diet was a little longer than that on beef liver. This artificial diet is suitable for use in laboratory experiments on this species.
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