-
Mamoru WATANABE
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
151-159
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Effects of the leaf quality of the host tree, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, on the larval development of a swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, were studied in the laboratory. The leaves collected from trees higher than 1m (tall trees) were tough and thick while those from short (young) trees were tender and thin. The relation between the specific leaf area (SLA) and the tree height was not linear. Comparative observations of the transverse sections of the leaflets demonstrated that the thickness of a leaflet, the length of a cell and the number of cells in the palisade layer of tall trees were greater than those of short trees. In addition to these facts, the mortality rates of the populations reared on leaves from short trees were lower than those from tall ones, particularly in the 1st and the last instar stages, due to physiological death caused by diarrhoea, starvation or failure of ecdysis. The rate of larval development when reared on leaves from short trees was also greater than that from tall ones. These results supported the field observations that the mortality rates of populations on tall trees were higher than those on short ones due to leaf textures.
View full abstract
-
Katsumi TOGASHI, Hiroshi SEKIZUKA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
160-165
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
It has been known that the adult Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus HOPE, transmits the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus lignicolus MAMIYA et KIYOHARA, which carries a bacterium (Pseudomonus sp.) causing a rapid wilting disease of pine trees. The present experiment proved that the longevity of adult sawyer became shorter as the number of carried nematodes increased.
View full abstract
-
Hirosi SUGIYAMA, Hiroshi MORIYAMA, Hajime SHIGEMATSU
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
166-171
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Labeled phenylalanine or tyrosine administered to normal 5th instar larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae), was metabolized by sclerotization, that is, from phenylalanine to tyrosine, Dopa and Dopamine. Whereas the MTMC (m-tolyl-N-methylcarbamate) treatment altered the metabolism of aromatic amino acids in the silkworm, the interconversion between phenylalanine and tyrosine was almost completely blocked and 80% of the phenylalanine was converted into PLA (phenyllactic acid). The MTMC treatment induced formation of a significant amount of HPLA (p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid) from tyrosine, but it did not change the conversion of tyrosine into Dopa. Consequently, it was shown that MTMC treatment induced the deamination of phenylalanine and tyrosine, while it made normal and steady progress in sclerotization.
View full abstract
-
Mitsuyoshi MIZUTANI, Jiro MISHIMA, Yukimasa KOBAYASHI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
172-178
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
For the purpose of standardizing the form of the light trap for surveying moth communities, the authors improved the baffled funnel trap by setting aluminum electrodes on the surface of the baffles. An efficiency test of this electrode-type light trap was carried out on the campus of the Sugadaira Montane Research Center of University of Tsukuba, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. The collected moths were sorted and counted, and the electrode-type light trap was found to be 3 times as efficient as the non-electrode custom type with respect to the number of individuals, and 1.79 times as efficient with respect to the number of species. There was no significant correlation between the effectiveness of the electrode-type and the body size of moths. However, it seems probable that the electrode-type is most effective for slender-bodied, weakly flying moths. This means that the electrode-type makes up for the disadvantages of the custom type light trap for these groups of moths.
View full abstract
-
Masaharu EGUCHI, Mariko KANBE
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
179-187
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Changes in the activity, elution profile on a column and electrophoretic pattern of haemolymph protease inhibitors from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were studied during larval-pupal and pupal-adult development. Inhibitory activity increased with development in the 5th larval stage, reached a peak at the onset of spinning and then decreased gradually. The difference between the highest and lowest points was 54.1% in the female and 72.3% in the male. An appreciable difference was observed in the elution patterns of the inhibitor on a Sephadex G-75 column in the successive stages of development. By agar gel electrophoresis, at least three inhibitor bands were resolved for trypsin and for α-chymotrypsin respectively. The inhibitor bands against these proteases did not correspond to each other except for a negatively moving band. However, there was a correspondence between the transition in intensity of inhibitor bands and the change in inhibitor activity during development. In view of these results, the possible significance of protease inhibitors in silkworm haemolymph was discussed.
View full abstract
-
Azusa FUJIIE
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
188-193
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Japanese pear trees infested with the pear leaf miner began to shed leaves late in August while in an uninfested orchard leaf fall began late in September. The following relationships were detected between cumulative density of leaf miners (N
2 for the 1st to 2nd generations; N
3 for the 1st to 3rd generations) and the period (D
50) from August 15 to the date of 50% leaf fall : log D
50=1.885-0.285 log(N
2+1) r
2=0.66 log D
50=1.893-0.172 log(N
3+1) r
2=0.82 Net photosynthesis was negatively correlated with cumulative density late in August. Tolerable pest densities were determined to be 0.5 and 1.0 per leaf for N
2 and N
3, respectively.
View full abstract
-
Yooichi KAINOH, Yoshio TAMAKI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
194-206
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Host-searching behavior of the egg-larval parasitoid, Ascogaster reticulatus WATANABE (Braconidae), was observed in the field and in the laboratory. There was no difference in behavioral patterns between the sexes, but females tended to stay longer in the observation area than males. Host-searching behavior of females was observed on and around the egg mass of the smaller tea tortrix (STT) moth, Adoxophyes sp. In addition to the egg mass, scales of the STT moth and its excretion seemed to be responsible for this activity and may be a cue for the female wasp to find the host. Female A. reticulatus showed a high fecundity on the 1st day of her emergence, and laid more than 700 eggs in total. Without host, the female wasp showed the largest fecundity on the 3rd day of her emergence. A one-day-old host egg mass was most attractive and a 6-day-old one, just before hatching, was least attractive for the wasp. The ability of the female wasp to discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized egg masses was suggested by the difference in the duration of oviposition behavior on these egg masses.
View full abstract
-
Yasuhiko KONNO, Koshi ARAI, Katsui SEKIGUCHI, Yoshiharu MATSUMOTO
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
207-217
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
A sex pheromone of the fruit-feeding type of yellow peach moth, Dichocrocis punctiferalis GUENEE, was detected in the female abdominal tip extracts and identified as (E)-10-hexadecenal by means of gas liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, ozonolysis and electroantennography. In laboratory male-trapping tests, the synthetic compound showed a significant attractiveness, and 10 ng was equivalent to one live virgin female in attractiveness to the males. In field tests, however, traps baited with this compound alone caught only a few males, but a mixture of (E)-and (Z)-10-hexadecenal at a ratio of 9 : 1 caught 4 times as many. (Z)-10-hexadecenal was therefore suggested to be a minor component of the sex pheromone of D. punctiferalis. Males of the Pinaceae-leaf-feeding type of D. punctiferalis were also captured by traps baited with the mixture at ratios of 9 : 1 and 8 : 2. Further, males of D. chlorophanta (Pyralidae) were also captured in traps baited with (E)-10-hexadecenal alone.
View full abstract
-
Toshiyuki KIMURA, Hiroshi TAKANO, Sinzo MASAKI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
218-226
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The larva of Spilarctia imparilis regains sensitivity to photoperiod after hibernation and thereby controls the duration of pupal stage in summer. At 20°C, a long photoperiod (16hr) shortened, and a short one (12hr) prolonged, the pupal stage. The prolonged pupal stage showed a Q
10 value smaller than that for morphogenesis and thus the intervention of diapause. The duration of diapause varied as a function of photoperiod, and an intermediate photoperiod (14hr) produced pupae with intermediate and highly variable durations. When larvae were reared at 28°C, the photoperiodic response was obscure, the pupal diapause being uniformly short though not entirely eliminated. The larvae were most sensitive to photoperiod soon after hibernation and became less so as they grew. When they were transferred from LD 12 : 12 to 16 : 8 at various stages, the duration of pupal stage was inversely proportional to the number of long days. The observed diapause behaviour seems to be effective for programming the adult eclosion to occur after the long-day season. This ensures the offsrping to enter a larval diapause under the influence of short days before winter. The summer diapause thus functions as a mechanism to stabilize the univoltine life cycle by skipping the long days.
View full abstract
-
Nobuo GOKAN
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
227-237
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The structure of the compound eye of the soybean beetle, Anomala rufocuprea, which is nocto-diurnally active, was observed with light and electron microscope. The eye is the typical superposition eye with eucone ommatidia. In the cone sheath, the libosome particles on the concentric endoplasmic reticulum appeared in dark adapted state whereas they were obscured during the light adaptation. The proximal tip of the cone cells extended about 20μm long as the cone tract during light adaptation. They invaded the intercellular spaces of the retinula cells and reached their nuclear level. The principal pigment cells extended proximally in the light adapted state, and the pigment grains were about 0.4μm in diameter in the distal region, while at the proximal part they were 1.5μm. The pigment grains in the accessory pigment cells were restricted to the area above the nuclear level of retinula cells. These pigment grains were about 0.9μm in diameter in the distal region and about 1.2μm at the proximal level. Seven of eight retinula cells contributed to the rhabdom formation. One of the rhabdomeres was situated at the most distal point and was formed by long and anomalous microvilli. The rhabdom layer was surrounded by more than 40 tracheoles which formed the tapetum.
View full abstract
-
Guy RIBA, Kazumasa KATAGIRI, Kiyoshi KAWAKAMI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
238-243
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The susceptibility of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, to three isolates of entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bb A), B. bassiana (Bb 147), and Nomuraea rileyi (NRK), was investigated on six strains and their hybrid of the silkworm by topical application or by injection of different doses of fungus conidia or hyphal bodies. It was shown that the strain J124 was most susceptible to three fungus isolates and B. bassiana isolated from B. mori (Bb A) was more virulent to larvae of B. mori than that isolated from Ostrinia nubilalis (Bb 147). Clear differences of susceptibility were demonstrated among silkworm strains by topical application of fungi. However, there was no difference in susceptibility among the strains when fungi were injected. The result suggests that the integument is the main factor in susceptibility difference.
View full abstract
-
Toshio OKU
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
244-252
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
In the plains of the Tohoku district, the adults of the Siberian cutworm, Euxoa sibirica BOISDUVAL, which presumably returned from alpine aestivation sites, reproduced mainly in mid-September. The eggs laid into loose upper soil underwent a hibernation diapause after they completed embryonic development. In a semi-outdoor condition their preoverwintering hatch was negligible. Incubation of the eggs at 18°C after being kept in an unheated room for different periods showed that the diapause was gradually eliminated towards winter. Exposure to a sub-zero temperature, especially for more than 70 days, was effective in elimination of diapause. Partial elimination of diapause was also possible under higher temperatures. When eggs chilled for more than 100 days were incubated at temperatures above 18°C under moist conditions, their hatching was unimodal and mainly occurred during the first three days of incubation. Under dry conditions, only part of the eggs hatched within the first three days, the remainder not hatching until immediately after receiving a moisture supply on the 6th or 11th day. From the results, the life-cycle sequence was estimated and its adaptation to the climate and the seasonal growth of larval food plants was discussed.
View full abstract
-
Hitoshi INOUE
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
253-262
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The distinct differences in calling sounds of Nephotettix cincticeps, N. virescens, N. nigropictus and N. malayanus suggested sexual isolation of these sibling species. Male calling sounds were a composite sequence with various amplitude and sound frequencies, 2 or 3 types of sounds in each species. Female calling sounds were a buzz composed of regular chirps or pulses, showing different chirp (pulse) repetition rates among the species. No identical or confusingly similar sounds were demonstrated among the species. Females were capable of discriminating the calling sounds of conspecific males even if one type of male sound was played back.
View full abstract
-
Yasumasa KUWAHARA, Lica SAKUMA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
263-268
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
Using (Z)-3, 7-dimethyl-2-octenyl formate (II) as a lead compound and preserving its (Z)-allylic primary formate moiety, a total of 15 aliphatic non-terpenoids were prepared by modification of the main chain and the substitution at C
3 position from alcoholic function, and their alarm pheromone activities were determined against the mold mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (SCHRANK). Twelve compounds were found to be active. The basic requisite for developing the alarm pheromone activity was elucidated as the presence of (Z)-allylic primary alcohol formate moiety with a suitable chain length in a molecule. Substitution of methyl residue at C
3 enhanced the activity 100 times from non-substituted (Z)-2-alkenyl formate. Substitution of methyl residue at C
7 of each (Z)-2-octenyl formate also improved the activity 10 times, when the comparison was done between those of (Z)-2-octenyl formate and (Z)-2-nonenyl formate with or without 3-methyl or 3-ethyl substitution.
View full abstract
-
Hiroshi NAKAKITA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
269-276
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
The rate of pupation of Tribolium freemani larvae was greatly influenced by the population density but not by the conditioned diet and its diethyl ether or water extracts. Larvae at high densities (over 20 per 2g wheat feed per vial) failed to pupate for more than 6 months, while those at lower densities (below 5 per 2g wheat feed per vial) pupated within one month. Isolation of the larvae that had been persisting in high density vials resulted in pupation within a short period of time. The prevention of pupation by increased larval density would be a main regulatory factor for controling the population size, although cannibalism as in T. castaneum cannot be disregarded. The primary factor causing this density effect is discussed with respect to the endocrine secretion resulting from physical contacts with other larvae.
View full abstract
-
Kazuhiro MATSUDA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
277-278
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Takashi WADA, Masahiro KOBAYASHI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
278-281
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Osamu IMURA, Basuki, Hiroshi NAKAKITA
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
281-283
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
-
Takaaki ITO, Takehiko SHIBATA, Kazumi SHIMOHARA, Kunihiro KAWACHI
1982 Volume 17 Issue 2 Pages
284-286
Published: May 25, 1982
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
JOURNAL
FREE ACCESS
