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Yasuyuki SAKURATANI, Tuyosi SUGIMOTO, Osamu SETOKUCHI, Takahiro KAMIKA ...
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
307-315
Published: August 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Diurnal changes in micro-habitat usage by Cylas formicarius adults and of their behavior therein were studied in regulated (27°C, 16L-8D) and unregulated laboratories, and in field cages. Under laboratory conditions the adult emergence from sweet potato tubers peaked in the morning, whereas the feeding, mating and oviposition activity peaked at night. In the field cages the males were active on the cage walls at night, while the females, being less active than males during the hot season, tended to stay in the soil. In the cool season, both sexes tended to stay in the soil or on its surface, and their activities declined. Mating and flying occurred at night. The females collected in the soil and from sweet potato tuber traps at night during the hot season were more gravid than those from the plants. The spermatheca of females collected at night during the hot season in the soil and in the tuber traps contained more sperm than those of females collected on the plants. These results suggest that the males continue to be active all night, whereas the females mate on the plants and then go subterranean for oviposition. This weevil is nocturnal with a preference for the shade.
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Kazuki MIURA, Satoshi MATSUDA, Masahiro KOBAYASHI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
317-322
Published: August 25, 1994
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The effect of ovipositional experience on host discrimination by Trichogramma chilonis females was studied using Plutella xylostella eggs as hosts. Females of T. chilonis which had never oviposited in any host eggs after emergence was supposed not to distinguish between parasitized and unparasitized host eggs. However, experienced females distinctly discriminated parasitized host eggs from the unparasitized ones. Acceptability of unparasitized host eggs was 90% or more irrespective of host type which females had experienced. On the contrary, acceptance of parasitized host eggs decreased to a lower level; 15% in females which had experienced once with an unparasitized host egg and 60% in females which had experienced once with a parasitized host egg. Females experienced oviposition on an unparasitized host egg became to accept parasitized host eggs more frequently 24 after the experience.
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Hiroshi HONDA, Kei-ichi HIMENO, Yutaka YOSHIYASU
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
323-330
Published: August 25, 1994
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Male responses to virgin females' signals, pheromone gland extracts and synthetic pheromone blends, as well as pheromone profiles, were compared among four populations of the cotton leaf-roller collected from the Chinese bottle tree (CBT), the linden tree (LND), the cotton-rosemallow (CRM) and the hibiscus (HBS). Neither virgin female moths nor the sex pheromone gland extracts of the female CBT and LND had any cross-attractiveness for the male CRM and HBS. Highly unsuccessful cross mating and genetic incompatibility were also observed between the CBT and the CRM. (E, Z) and (E, E)-10, 12-16: ALDs were detected in the pheromone gland of the female CBT and LND in a ratio of 77.0:23.0 and 78.5:21.5, respectively, but only (E, Z)-10, 12-16: ALD was found in the female CRM and HBS. These analytical results agreed well the results of bioassays performed with synthetic compounds in a cage. The male CBT and LND responded well to 7:3 and 8:2 mixtures of synthetic (E, Z)- and (E, E)-10, 12-16: ALDs, as did the male CRM and HBS to 9:1 and 10:0 mixtures of these isomers. The first two populations of the cotton leaf-roller seemed to have been already reproductively isolated from the last two. From these results, and with reference to the morphological and biological differences reported on earlier, we confirmed that the cotton leaf-roller in Japan is comprised of Notarcha basipunctalis (BREM.) (CBT and LND) and N derogata (FAB). (CRM and HBS).
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O. C. ADEDIRE
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
331-338
Published: August 25, 1994
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The activity levels and distributions of carbohydrases and proteases in the fore-, mid- and hindguts of the larva and adult kola nut weevil, Sophrorhinus insperatus FAUST, have been studied. The gut extract of the weevil contained an active complex of acid carbohydrases and alkaline proteases. Enzymic activities were generally higher in the larva than in the adult. Considerable enzymatic activities were detected in the anterior and posterior midguts. Both trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzymes were detected in the gut extracts as determined by use of synthetic substrates but the most prevalent protease activity was tryptic. Kola nut extracts of Cola nitida (VENT.) SCHOTT and ENDLICHER and C. acuminata (PAL DE BEAUV) SCHOTT and ENDLICHER inhibited the proteolytic activity in the kola nut weevil but a higher degree of inhibition was recorded for C. acuminata compared with C. nitida at the various extract concentrations tested. Resistance of some kola nut species to weevil attack is ascribed to higher levels of tryptic inhibitors and other intrinsic factors.
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Yoichi SHIRAI, Ayumi NAKAMURA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
339-348
Published: August 25, 1994
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Dispersal movement of male adult Plutella xylostella on cruciferous vegetable fields was studied using the mark-recapture method. Pheromone traps were placed within a range of 150 m to 2, 100 m from the release field, and 2, 400 and 3, 300 males marked with fluorescent dye were released in the autumn of 1991 and summer of 1992, respectively. The total proportion of recaptured moths was 4.9% (autumn) and 2.6% (summer). In the summer, 19.8% of total recaptured moths were caught in the surrounding fields beyond the release site, reflecting a more active dispersal movement among the fields than in the autumn experiment in which 5.9% of total recaptured moths were caught in the surrounding fields. Mean flight distance was 615 m (summer) and 286 m (autumn), but no gradual increase in the flight distance was observed throughout the sampling period in either season. The flight direction of the marked moths did not show any clear relationship to the direction of the wind. The dispersal movement in the autumn was suppressed, probably owing to the lower night temperature.
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Tuyosi SUGIMOTO, Yasuyuki SAKURATANI, Osamu SETOKUCHI, Takahiro KAMIKA ...
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
349-358
Published: August 25, 1994
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As a preliminary study on an estimation of the population of male adults of sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (FABRICIUS), by using the pheromone trap, the attractive area of the trap to their population, and also dispersal distance were evaluated in sugarcane fields in Amami-Ohshima Island in 1989. 1) Most males were captured by traps at less than 1 m high from ground level. 2) Based upon the mark-recapture experiments the effective radius of the attractive area of the pheromone trap was estimated by the area-ratio model of HARTSTACK et al. to be about 55 m for 100 μg of pheromone loaded in the trap and about 64 m for 400 μg. 3) From the mark-recapture data the mean dispersal distance of male adults was estimated by HAWKES' model to be about 55 m/d.
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Tuyosi SUGIMOTO, Yasuyuki SAKURATANI, Osamu SETOKUCHI, Kohji KAWAZOE, ...
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
359-367
Published: August 25, 1994
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The population estimation of male adults of sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius, was carried out by a mark-recapture method on Kikai Island. Because the wild weevils are much more abundant in the sweet potato fields than in other types of vegetation, the total area of the island was divided into two areas, one where the sweet potato fields were densely distributed, i.e., in and around villages, and another, where they were sparse. Two local populations from each of these areas were surveyed from August to September, 1992. Based upon the estimates of these local populations by YAMAMURA et al. method, the total population of male weevils was estimated to be four million or less at its peak stage.
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Norio YASUDOMI, Makio USUI, Norio OSAKI, Yukio AOKI, Noriharu UMETSU
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
369-375
Published: August 25, 1994
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The insecticidal properties of the carbamate insecticide benfuracarb against the brown rice planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, were investigated by different methods of its application, i.e., topical, foliage, plant-base drench or granular application, Parafilm test method, and root dipping method. Benfuracarb, a sulfenylated derivative of carbofuran, exhibited relatively poor insecticidal activity against the brown rice planthopper by topical or foliage treatment, representing contact action. On the other hand, the insecticidal activity of benfuracarb was higher, and comparable to its parent methylcarbamate insecticide, carbofuran, when applied by Parafilm test method, allowing the planthoppers to ingest the insecticide solution through a stretched membrane, i.e., representing direct oral toxicity. Soil treatment with benfuracarb in an aqueous solution, or in granular formulation, applied at the base of a potted rice plant, was at least as, or possibly more, effective than carbofuran because of the oral toxicity and/or systemic activity. It was determined that, on a weight basis, benfuracarb was one-eighth as effective as carbofuran under topical application, but was almost equal to it using Parafilm test method. When plant-base drench application was used, benfuracarb was as effective as carbofuran, and with granular application it was slightly superior to it. Because of its higher molecular weight, as compared to carbofuran (1.8 times greater), benfuracarb is considered to be more effective than carbofuran for soil application.
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Junji ITOH, Yoshiaki OBARA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
377-388
Published: August 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Visual key stimuli eliciting mate refusal posture (MRP) in the mated female of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora, were experimentally analysed. Whiteness or luminosity is an essential feature of the visual stimuli and the critical luminosity at which 50% of the experimental females respond falls between N7 and N10 in terms of the Munsell Number. Females responded almost equally (75%) to the models of different sizes ranging from half to quadruple of the normal size and much less (50%) to the models of one fourth. Females responded almost equally to the differently shaped models including butterfly wing shape, rectangle, square, triangle and disk. Movements, or increase and decrease of the stimulative area was found to be another essential feature. The highest percentage of the response was obtained when the models were presented at the revolution rate of 6/s, which is nearly equal to the wing beat frequency of this male butterfly. Low and high critical revolution rates at which 50% of the experimental females responded are ca. 4 and 20-25 per s, respectively. MRP and its key stimuli were discussed in terms of behavioral ecology.
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Toshihiro IMAI, Satoshi TSUCHIYA, Kenji MORITA, Takane FUJIMORI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
389-393
Published: August 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Toxicity of 32 surfactants on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, were observed at a concentration of 0.1% in order to determine the mechanism of surfactant action. Eight of the surfactants, of various chemical structures, exhibited high toxicities, those eight being two polyoxyethylene alkylethers, one sorbitan fatty acid ester, two octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanols, two dimethyl siloxane derivatives, and one fatty acid salt. Other surfactants with common partial structures to these toxic ones were largely ineffective. And what is more, there were no surfactant-dependent differences in the appearance of the dead aphids-paralyses occurred within hours, the dead aphids attached to leaves by their inserted stylets-suggesting a common physical basis to the toxicity phenomenon irrespective of chemical structure. A close connection between toxicity and surface tension was thereby uncovered, leading to the conclusion that toxicity might be related to aphid suffocation in the highly wettable surfactant solutions.
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Koyu HARA, Masako FUNAKOSHI, Katsuo TSUDA, Takeshi KAWARABATA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
395-402
Published: August 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SeNPV) was examined for replication in 20 continuous cell lines from eight lepidopteran species; Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, Pseudaletia separata, Mamestra brassicae, Plutella xylostella, and Bombyx mori. Of these, only five homologous cell lines, established from S. exigua, were permissive for infection with the virus. The growth kinetics of SeNPV in S. exigua Se3FH cells showed that extracellular viruses were released from infected cells 6 h p.i. and reached a maximal titer 72 h p.i. The number of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) reached a maximum of 10
7 PIBs/ml 96 h p.i.
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Sadao WAKAMURA, Tetsuya YASUDA, Akio ICHIKAWA, Takehiko FUKUMOTO, Fumi ...
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
403-411
Published: August 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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Three compounds were identified from the extracts of abdominal tips of the tea tussock moth, Euproctis pseudoconspersa (STRAND). The major EAG-active component was identified as 10, 14-dimethylpetadecyl isobutyrate (10Me14Me-15: iBu) and the minors were 14-methlypentadecyl isobutyrate (14Me-15: iBu) and 10, 14-dimethylpentadecyl n-butyrate (10Me14Me-15: nBu). Amounts of these compounds in the extract were ca. 10, 0.6 and 0.6 ng/female, respectively. 10Me14Me-15: iBu showed a potent attractant activity to wild male moths, and the trap catch seemed to increase when 14Me-15: iBu was blended with 10Me14Me-15: iBu, even though 14Me-15: iBu alone showed almost no attractant activity.
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Masato ONO, Masahiro MITSUHATA, Masami SASAKI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
413-419
Published: August 25, 1994
Released on J-STAGE: February 07, 2008
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The initial stage of colony development of the Japanese bumblebee, Bombus hypocrita PEREZ was compared between colonies started with a sole B. hypocrita queen and a single B. hypocrita queen with three newly-emerged artificially-introduced workers of B. terrestris. In colonies with helpers. the first brood of B. hypocrita emerged earlier than in sole-queen colonies. Colonies with helpers produced about twice the number of B. hypocrita workers in the early stages and developed rapidly. This technique could be applied to mass production of native Japanese Bombus species for use as pollinators.
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Tadakazu NAKASHIMA, Kiyoshi NAKAMUTA, Hiroshi MAKIHARA, Eiji OHYA, Mic ...
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
421-425
Published: August 25, 1994
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The attractiveness of benzyl acetate, β-phenylethyl propionate and eight structurally related chemicals against the adults of the cryptomeria twig borer, Anaglyptus subfasciatus, were examined in the field using water pan traps. Methyl phenylacetate was identified as the most reliable chemical attractant to the beetle. The mean number of the beetles captured in the traps baited with the gelled dispenser was about four times higher than that with the cotton wick ones. The advantages of gelled dispenser in releasing semiochemicals at g/day level are also discussed.
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Hiroko NISHINO, Jun MITSUHASHI
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
427-429
Published: August 25, 1994
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Katsunori NAKAMURA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
430-433
Published: August 25, 1994
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Takenari INOUE
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
433-436
Published: August 25, 1994
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Fumiaki MOCHIZUKI, Mikio TAKAI, Tatsuaki SHIBUYA, Sadao WAKAMURA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
436-438
Published: August 25, 1994
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V. Benno MEYER-ROCHOW, A. Walton REID
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
439-442
Published: August 25, 1994
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Yoshifumi HASHIMOTO, Yoichi KANAMORI, Tohru HAYAKAWA, Yasuaki KATAYAMA ...
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
442-448
Published: August 25, 1994
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Yoshiaki OBARA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
448-454
Published: August 25, 1994
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Satoshi NAKAMURA, Masao INOUE, Hiroaki FUJIMOTO, Kiyoshi KASAMATSU
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
454-456
Published: August 25, 1994
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Mitsuaki SHIMAZU, Hirohisa KURAMOTO
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
457-460
Published: August 25, 1994
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Akihiko TAKAHASHI, Kiyomitsu ITO, Jian TANG, Guowen HU, Takashi WADA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
461-463
Published: August 25, 1994
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Tadaharu YOSHIDA
1994 Volume 29 Issue 3 Pages
464-467
Published: August 25, 1994
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