Applied Entomology and Zoology

Regular Papers

Presence of alternative complement pathway-inhibiting protein (ACPIP) from silkworm (Bombyx mori): changes in activity at various stages of fifth larval stadium

Yuriko Fujikura, Yasutaka Sekijima, Tetsuo Hiyama, Zhang Yi Cheng, Kun ...

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 163-166
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.163

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The activities of human alternative complement pathway-inhibiting protein (ACPIP) were examined in silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae at various developmental stages, using both hemolysis-inhibition plate assay and immunoblotting analysis. Significant activities were detected in the hemolymph ranging from the fourth molt to prepupal stages, the highest being those on the 6th to 9th days of the fifth stadium. Although the activity was also detected at the pupal stage, it was only 1/16 of the maximum. These results suggested that ACPIP in the silkworm hemolymph might play a physiological role at the larval stage rather than at the pupae stage. ACPIP-like activities were also detected in hemolymph from final stadium larvae of Antheraea pernyi, Hense convolvuli, Antheraea yamamai, and Rhodinia fugax.

View full abstract

Download PDF (81K)
Influence of light condition on the stand-level distribution and movement of the ambrosia beetle Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae)

Yutaka Igeta, Kojiro Esaki, Kenryu Kato, Naoto Kamata

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 167-175
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.167

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

Field surveys and laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of light condition on the distribution and movement of Platypus quercivorus adults at the stand level. Both male and female adults showed a positive phototaxis. In the field, beetles tended to move upward and were highly concentrated near the upper forest edge along a road, although many adults were thought to have emerged from the lower middle portion of the stand. The positive phototaxis of newly emerged beetles appeared to be one of the causes of these phenomena. The light condition and the directional movement of adults were important factors determining the spatial distribution pattern of P. quercivorus adults in a stand.

View full abstract

Download PDF (188K)
Monitoring the masson pine moth, Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) with synthetic sex pheromone-baited traps in Qianshan County, China

Ai-Bing Zhang, Zheng-Jun Wang, Sheng-Jiang Tan, Dian-Mo Li

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 177-186
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.177

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The masson pine moth, Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) was monitored at 102 trapping locations distributed in Qianshan County, China, with a synthetic sex pheromone during the 1998–2000 field seasons. Traps baited with a 25:10:28 three-component blend of Z5,E7-12:Ac; Z5,E7-12:Pr, and Z5,E7-12:OH (>97% pure) were used to attract male moths. The mean numbers of adult male D. punctatus captured in pheromone-baited traps during the overwintering generation flight periods in 1999 and 2000 increased sharply by 6.25 and 112.43, respectively, compared with those of male D. punctatus in 1998. The mean numbers of male D. punctatus captured during the first generation flight periods in 1999 and 2000 increased by 0.2256 and 5.92, respectively, compared with those in 1998. Traps placed at lower than 5.5 m in a masson pine forest canopy caught significantly more males of D. punctatus than did those placed higher in the forest canopy during the overwintering generation of 1998 and the first generation of 1999 flight periods. No significant differences were found among catches in traps placed on different slopes. A theoretical simulation method was used to estimate the suitable number of trapping locations needed in this study for acceptable precision. We estimated that 33–72 trapping locations are needed to monitor with statistical significance the dynamics of D. punctatus in Qianshan County during different field seasons.

View full abstract

Download PDF (904K)
Geographic and annual variation of summer-diapause expression in the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in Japan

Kazunori Ohashi, Shun-Ei Kawauchi, Yasuyuki Sakuratani

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 187-196
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.187

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

Variation in the summer-diapause expression of the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata, among local populations and years was investigated by field observation and dissection of sampled specimens, in Japan. Only non-diapausing adults were found in Hokkaido, northern Japan, whereas diapausing adults were observed at most sites in Honshu and southward in summer. However, the non-diapausing adults were also observed in northern Honshu and at high-altitudinal sites of central Honshu. The frequency of diapause expression in northern Honshu varied greatly among populations and years. The frequency of non-diapausing adults was significantly higher when average daily mean air temperature for July was relatively low. This indicated that the populations inhabiting northern Honshu have plasticity in diapause induction, primarily in response to temperature conditions. Moreover, the coexistence of diapausing adults and non-diapausing adults at the same site was often observed. This suggested that there might be genetic variation in diapause tendency within a local population.

View full abstract

Download PDF (107K)
A new species of Callosobruchus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) feeding on seeds of Dunbaria (Fabaceae), a closely related species to a stored-bean pest, C. chinensis

Midori Tuda

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 197-201
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.197

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

A bean beetle, Callosobruchus utidai new species, is described based on material from Nepal and Thailand. Morphological analysis indicated that it is most closely related to a widely-distributed stored-bean pest, C. chinensis. The larval host plants are the seeds of legumes Dunbaria rotundifolia and D. podocarpa. This is the first bruchid reported to feed on the seeds of Dunbaria. The narrow host range of the species is in contrast to the host range of the pest C. chinensis, which is associated with many legume species of the tribe Phaseoleae and with diverse economic legumes in the subfamily Papilionoideae. Comparison of the host ranges suggests that C. utidai is not of economic importance at present because of oligophagy on non-economic legumes and limited geographical distribution.

View full abstract

Download PDF (125K)
Importance of social stimuli for the development of learning capability in honeybees

Naoko Ichikawa, Masami Sasaki

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 203-209
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.203

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The learning ability of the European honeybee, Apis mellifera, is well known. However, in a proboscis-extension reflex (PER) assay, newly emerged and very young worker bees could not associate a given odor (conditioned stimulus, CS) with a sucrose reward (unconditioned stimulus, US): This ability was acquired 5 to 9 days after emergence in workers, while it was accomplished 2 to 5 days after emergence in drones, probably reflecting the earlier onset of flight in drones. When workers are reared individually in a confined condition deprived of colony odor and other social stimuli, they do not develop the ability even after 9 days after emergence. In a series of experiments subjecting the bees to the confined condition for various lengths and timings, the important period for acquiring the learning ability was from day 2 to 6 after emergence. However, even bees that acquired the ability lost it when exposed to the confined (stimuli-deprived) condition for the next 15 days, meaning that the continuous input of appropriate sensory stimuli is essential for both acquiring and maintaining the learning capability.

View full abstract

Download PDF (132K)
Factors affecting the patch-leaving decision of the parasitic wasp Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Yoshitsugu Ohara, Akio Takafuji, Junji Takabayashi

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 211-214
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.211

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

We studied factors affecting the patch-leaving decision of the parasitic wasp Diadegma semiclausum, a parasitoid of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae. Experiments were performed in a wind tunnel. We focused on two factors: (1) volatiles from host-food plants (infested or uninfested by hosts) upwind of the patch, and (2) the condition of the currently inhabited patch (the leaf). Irrespective of the upwind odor source, the wasp stayed longer on the infested patch than on the intact patch. The presence or absence of host larvae in the infested patch did not affect the time spent in the patch. Further, we found that the wasp used plural cues in the currently inhabited patch in their patch-leaving decision. Factors affecting the patch-leaving decision of the parasitic wasp were discussed in tritrophic contexts.

View full abstract

Download PDF (56K)
Development of a tachinid parasitoid, Gymnosoma rotundatum (Diptera: Tachinidae) on Plautia crossota stali (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), and its effects on host reproduction

Morio Higaki

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 215-223
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.215

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The developmental biology of a tachinid parasitoid (Gymnosoma rotundatum) and the effects of its parasitism on reproduction of the host, the brown-winged green bug (Plautia crossota stali), were studied. The tachinid females laid eggs on the abdominal tergum of the hosts and larvae penetrated into and developed in their body cavities. A single mature larva exited from each of the hosts and pupariated. Even in cases when the fly deposited two eggs onto a host, only one maggot survived to maturity. The hosts died within a day after the maggot emerged. The percentage of larvae emerging from hosts, larval duration, and puparial weight were not affected by the number (one or two) of parasitoid eggs per host. The duration of the larval stage was longer and puparia were bigger in parasitoids that emerged from female hosts than those that emerged from male hosts; G. rotundatum was so variable in body size that larger individuals tended to emerge from larger hosts. Though parasitoids did develop even in unfed hosts, such puparia were much smaller in size than puparia developed in fed hosts. The reproductive abilities of the parasitized bugs gradually reduced as the tachinid maggots matured. In parasitized female bugs, ovaries gradually shrank with a suppression of oviposition. Both the number of laid eggs and the percentage of viable eggs decreased rapidly after the 8th day of parasitization. In parasitized male bugs, the fertility rates decreased rapidly after the 8th day of parasitization.

View full abstract

Download PDF (158K)
Diapause characteristics of two species of tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in southern Japan and Taiwan

Akio Takafuji, Sugeng Santoso, Norihide Hinomoto, Chain-Ing T. Shih, C ...

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 225-232
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.225

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

As in other Tetranychus species, both T. kanzawai and T. urticae undergo reproductive diapause induced by short-days and low temperatures. This study compares the diapause characteristics of populations of these two species from Taiwan with those from Kagoshima (southern Japan) and the Okinawa islands (southwestern islands). Our previous study (Takafuji et al., 2001, Appl. Entomol. Zool. 36: 177–184) showed that most T. kanzawai populations from Kagoshima exhibited more than 90% diapause at 15°C–9L15D, but the incidence of diapause in populations from the Okinawa islands was very low, and some exhibited no diapause even at 15°C. The present study shows that populations from central Taiwan, including those from the lowlands, exhibited a lower incidence of diapause than populations from Kagoshima, but a higher incidence than populations from the Okinawa islands. These results imply that the gene flow among populations in the lowlands and mountains maintains a higher incidence of diapause in Taiwan, but the diapause characteristic may have been eliminated by warm temperatures on the Okinawa islands, on which there are no high mountains. On the other hand, all populations of T. urticae from Kagoshima, Okinawa and Taiwan similarly exhibited a very low incidence of diapause.

View full abstract

Download PDF (148K)
Estimation of population density and dispersal parameters of the adult sugarcane wireworm, Melanotus okinawensis Ohira (Coleoptera: Elateridae), on Ikei Island, Okinawa, by mark-recapture experiments

Mitsunobu Kishita, Norio Arakaki, Futoshi Kawamura, Yasutsune Sadoyama ...

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 233-240
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.233

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

Density and dispersal distance of the sugarcane wireworm, Melanotus okinawensis Ohira (Coleoptera: Elateridae), were estimated by conducting mark-recapture experiments over an agricultural field (81.4 ha) on Ikei Island (158.3 ha) in early April and late April 2000. Funnel-vane traps with synthetic sex pheromone were uniformly set at 250 points in the field to recapture adult males. The estimated population densities in early April and late April were, respectively, 148.0/ha and 13.8/ha, by the Jolly-Seber method, and 171.0/ha and 13.0/ha by the Yamamura method. Estimated two-day survival rates in early April and late April were, respectively, 0.50 and 0.30 by the Jolly-Seber method, and 0.58 and 0.28 by the Yamamura method. For the population that was released in the center of the island, the relation between the distance (r) from the release point and the proportion of settled individuals (p) was described by a Wallace model, ln(p)=−8.068−0.392√r as a result of AIC selection. The estimated mean and median dispersal distances were 130.1 m and 87.7 m, respectively.

View full abstract

Download PDF (98K)
High concentrations of trehalose in aphid hemolymph

Norichika Moriwaki, Kazuhiro Matsushita, Masami Nishina, Yoshiaki Kono

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 241-248
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.241

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The major components of hemolymph were examined by ¹H-NMR in seven species of aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis gossypii, Aphis sambuci, Lachnus tropicalis, Megoura crassicauda, Myzus persicae and Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum. Trehalose was detected as the main component from these aphids, and its concentrations in these insects were much higher (196 mM in L. tropicalis to 926 mM in A. gossypii) than those of two other homopterous insects, Cryptotympana facialis (91 mM) and Nephotettix cincticeps (53 mM). Concentrations in L. tropicalis and A. gossypii were equivalent to 1.6% to 2.0% of the fresh weight. Glucose appeared to be an artifact in the hemolymph, because it was not found in the hemolymph when validoxylamine A, a trehalase inhibitor, was added.

View full abstract

Download PDF (89K)
Effect of rainfall on a population of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Youichi Kobori, Hiroshi Amano

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 249-253
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.249

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The present study was carried out under artificial rainfall conditions to determine the details of rainfall effect on a DBM population on cabbage. Although most DBM eggs laid on the upper leaf surface were washed off with precipitation of 17.3 mm in 1 h with drops of 2.5 mm in diameter, few eggs laid on the lower surface were washed off. Under the same rain conditions as for the eggs, the falling rate of larvae decreased with advancing larval stadium except for the 1st larval stage. The number of falling larvae increased with increasing treatment time, and the effect reached a ceiling in about 1 h. With increasing time of exposure to hard rain, there occurred a similar increase in the falling rate of DBM larvae. Even after 1 h of steady rainfall, complete removal of the larvae was not achieved. When either the density of droplet was increased or the period of rain was extended, the falling rate for 3rd stadium larvae increased. When droplet diameter increased and the total amount of rainfall remained constant, there was an increase in the number of fallen larvae.

View full abstract

Download PDF (49K)
Enhanced infection of an entomopoxvirus in larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by a granulovirus

Tosihiko Hukuhara, Arman Wijonarko, Yasuko Hosokawa, Hidetoshi Iwano

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 255-259
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.255

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

To determine the interaction of Pseudaletia unipuncta granulovirus and Pseudaletia separata entomopoxvirus, larvae of the armyworm, P. separata, were perorally administered graded doses of entomopoxvirus occlusion bodies, spheroids, in the presence or absence of granulovirus occlusion bodies, capsules. The presence of capsules in the inocula enhanced entomopoxvirus infection. In doubly infected larvae, the inclusion bodies and virions of the two viruses coexisted in the same fatbody but never occurred in the same cells. The granulovirus appeared to facilitate entomopoxvirus infection at the organismal level, although the two viruses interfered with each other at the cellular level.

View full abstract

Download PDF (159K)
Acaricidal activity of clove bud oil compounds against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae)

Eun-Hee Kim, Hyun-Kyung Kim, Don-Ha Choi, Young-Joon Ahn

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 261-266
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.261

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The acaricidal activity of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) bud oil compounds (acetyleugenol, β-caryophyllene, eugenol, α-humulene), and congeners of eugenol (isoeugenol, methyleugenol) against adult Tyrophagus putrescentiae was examined using impregnated fabric disc and fumigation methods, and compared with that of benzyl benzoate. Responses varied according to compound and dose. LD₅₀ values indicated that the compound most toxic to T. putrescentiae adults was methyleugenol (1.18 μg/cm²) followed by isoeugenol (8.21 μg/cm²), benzyl benzoate (8.85 μg/cm²), β-caryophyllene (11.77 μg/cm²), eugenol (12.11 μg/cm²), and α-humulene (12.90 μg/cm²). Very low activity was observed with acetyleugenol (28.72 μg/cm²). These results indicate that hydrophobicity of the four phenylpropenes (acetyleugenol, eugenol, isoeugenol, methyleugenol) plays a crucial role in T. putrescentiae toxicity. The typical poisoning symptom of the test compounds was a similar death symptom of the forelegs extended forward together, leading to death without knockdown, whereas benzyl benzoate caused death following uncoordinated behavior. In fumigation tests with adult T. putrescentiae, all four phenylpropenes were more effective against the mites in closed containers than in open ones, indicating that the mode of delivery of these compounds was largely due to action in the vapor phase. The clove bud oil compounds as well as isoeugenol and methyleugenol merit further study as potential storage mite control agents or as lead compounds.

View full abstract

Download PDF (61K)
Different maternal effects on diapause induction of tetranychid mites, Tetranychus urticae and T. kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Keiko Oku, Shuichi Yano, Akio Takafuji

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 267-270
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.267

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

Prenatal maternal effects on diapause induction were examined in the tetranychid mites, Tetranychus urticae and T. kanzawai. In T. urticae, the incidence of diapause of offspring whose mothers had experienced short daylength (9L15D) was higher than that of the offspring whose mothers had experienced long daylength (16L8D) when the offspring developed under short daylength. However, this maternal effect was not conspicuous when the offspring developed under long daylength. The incidence of diapause in T. urticae offspring was higher when their mothers had experienced a high density during the juvenile period. By contrast, the photoperiod and density experienced by mothers did not affect the incidence of diapause in the offspring of T. kanzawai. However, the presence of senior female adults on the same leaf during the juvenile period enhanced the incidence of diapause in T. kanzawai. The difference in maternal effects observed between T. urticae and T. kanzawai is discussed with respect to their life-history characteristics.

View full abstract

Download PDF (45K)
Comparison of the effectiveness of two methods for releasing Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) against Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cucumbers in a greenhouse

Tsuyoshi Kuroda, Kazuki Miura

Article type: Regular Paper
Subject area: [not specified]
2003 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 271-274
Published: 2003
Released on J-STAGE: August 25, 2003

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2003.271

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The control of Aphis gossypii on cucumbers was evaluated by releasing egg mass sheets or flightless adults of Harmonia axyridis. In experiment one, 1, 5 and 10 egg mass sheets per plant in each greenhouse were released only one time. The density of aphids in the greenhouses receiving egg mass sheets of H. axyridis was lower than that without the sheets. Within 5 days after release, the greenhouses receiving 5 egg mass sheets and 10 egg mass sheets per plant showed reduction of aphid densities to less than 1% of that without the sheets. In experiment 2, five egg mass sheets and 5 flightless adults per plant were released in each greenhouse three times at about one week intervals. The density of aphids in greenhouses receiving flightless adults showed fluctuations to a lower level than in the greenhouses receiving egg mass sheets.

View full abstract

Download PDF (42K)

Register with J-STAGE for free!