It is our common experience that textures appear differently under different conditions of lighting. In order to manipulate textures in environmental design, it would be useful to know how they appear in a given situation. This paper. Part 4 of the studies, investigates the quantitaive relationships between lighting and perceived visual roughness by a psychophysical experiment. In the experiment, a pair of granular surfaced panels was visually presented to 9 subjects. The lighting conditions for one of the panels were systematically varied by changing the angle of incidence (from 15° to 75°) and the degree of illuminance (from 50 to 6 900 1x), while the other panel's lighting conditions were fixed (at 45°, 1 300 1x). The observation distance of the panel with the fixed lighting conditions was adjusted so that two panels appeared to have an equal degree of roughness. The effect of lighting on perceived visual roughness caused the change of the observation distance. For instance, if one panel appeared rougher by changing lighting condition, the other panel then had to be moved closer to the observer so that the visual perception of roughness between the two appeared equal. Based upon the result of Part 2 of the studies, the change of observation distance can be interpreted into the change of perceived visual roughness. Thus, a quantitative relationship between lighting condition and perceived visual roughness was obtained. The experiment revealed that the influence of both the angle of incidence and the degree of illuminance varied according to the projective image of the surface roughness (visual angle of the grain size). The finer the image of the surface appears, the more marked the effect becomes. When the surface appears as rough as the visual angle, over 7' (minutes), the lighting conditions have no effect on the subjective judgement of visual roughness.

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In Japanese nursery school, there is no standard of a capacity of two-year-old children's class which can be seen in many foreign countries. In the existing circumstances, many classes respectively have a large capacity of 20 or 30. In this study, in relation to the capacities of classes which are most important when a nursery room is planned, they are divided into the three conditions, that is, a capacity of 12, that of 15, and that of 20, and in each condition the experimental care is taken. After this, the influence on the two-year-old children and the nurse staffs is investigated and the suitable capacity is considered. As the result bf this, the following two points are confirmed. 1 When a class has a capacity of 20, it becomes very much remarkable that the children play in a group less frequently. 2 In the same case, the nurse staffs feel more fatigued. Accordingly, it becomes clear that the capacity of less than 20 in a class is suitable.

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This paper aims to clear the factors that controll group activities in leisure time, on the assumption to grasp the future tendency of those. The conclusions in this paper are as follows ; 1) Group activities and inclinations in leisure time are controlled basically by "Sex", secondly by life stage nemely "Famlly Trpe" or "Age", moreover by "School Career" or "Employment" or "Tipe of Industry" or "Economical Free". 2) Qualitative tendencies controlled by "School Career" and woman's "Employment" are even In some cities, but those controlled by other factors are uneven. 3) Group activities and inclinations in leisure time are controlled more strongly by "Hours of Leisure" or "Rate of Those in Hours without Working and Sleeping", than by "Working Hours". 4) Qualitative tendencies controlled by factors on social stratum are varied by composition of time budget. 5) Five expectations as to the future tendency of group activities this paper proposed have two significance for planning of assembly facilities. One is to show the future tendency as to the wealthy group formation classies, the other is to clear the existence of poor group formation classies.

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Le but de cet article est d'eclairer le processus de la formation des reseaux de voirie parisiens, au moyen de l'analyse d'un cas particulier des rues du quartier St. -Georges, ouvertes par le lotissement dans les annees 1820 s. Dans l'article anterieur il a ete constate que les formations des rues, des ilots, voire des parcelles n'etaient pas toujours conditionnees par les formes des immeubles a batir qui, en, s'organisant survant le "principe de combinaison de MA", s'adaptaient a toute la gamme des formes parcellaires. Trois rues et une place ont ete ouvertes par le lotissement du quartier St. -Georges (Fig. 1). Deux autres rues, qui avaient ete concues a l'origine, ont fini par rester en etat de projet personnel (4 et 5 en Fig. 1). La formation de cet ensemble des rues et de la place a ete analysee sous quatre differentes perspectives : I) les outils conceptuels pour determiner des reseaux de voirie ; II) les reseaux de voirie existants au voisinage des terrains a lotir, qui ont du conditionner les traces des rues a percer ; III) les conditions inherentes aux terrains d'operation ; IV) l'attitude des pouvoirs publics, controleurs de la voirie, a l'egard des operations de lotissement projetees et effectuees par des acteurs prives. Les resultats de l'analyse sont mis au point comme ceux qui suivent. (I) Les outils conceptuels ont ete extraits par analyse des projets d'amenagement et d'embellissement de la ville de Paris de la seconde moitie du 18e siecle (ceux par PONCET DE LA GRAVE, par MERCIER, par QUATREMERE DE QUINCY et par PATTE ainsi que le Plan des Artistes) et des reseaux reels de voirie construits par les principaux lotissements des 17e et 18e siecles. Les projets et propositions des quatre auteurs du 18e siecle ont un element commun : creation d'une place et d'une rue nouvelles attachees a des monuments. Le Plan des Artistes (Fig. 2) comprend deux differentes categories des voies. De sa premiere categorie des voies, a percer dans le cadre de chacun des biens nationaux pour les lotir, qui, malgre Ieur "isolement sans une conception generale de quelque envergure"(HALBWACHS), s'integrent dans le systeme des voies etabli en fait sur la rive droite, sont retires les outils suivants : 1) le parallele et l'orthogonal des traces : et 2) le prolongement en continuite des voies existantes. Les longues voies de la deuxieme categorie reliant de differents quartiers sont caracterisees par : 1) la disposition des places aux croisements ou extremites des voies ; et 2) la tendance a faire apparaitre une structure radio-concentrique avec les principaux reseaux existants sur la rive gauche. Les reseaux des rues des principaux lotissements des 17e et 18e siecles(Fig. 4) degagent les outils suivants : 1) le parallele et l'orthogonal des traces et 2) le prolongement en continuite des rues existantes du voisinage (3-6, 9, 11); ainsi que 3) la fermeture du reseau nouveau par rapport a celui existant du voisinage (8, 10) et le radial des traces (8). Les outils conceptuels ainsi extraits des projets et des lotissements des epoques anterieures sont retrouves dans les traces des rues du quartier St. -Georges (Fig. 1 et Fig. 5) : 1) l'orthogonal (2, 3); 2) le diagonal ou le radial (1) ; 3) une place mise au croisement; 4) la perspective etablie par la rue aboutissant a la place en face d'un monument (un hotel particulier) ; et 5) le prolongement en continuite des rues existantes (T. G, F) . La qualite generale de ces outils berites des epoques anterieures est affirmee par le fait qu'ils sont aussi retrouves dans les traces des rues des autres lotissements contemporains (14, 16-19 en Fig. 4). La predominance des traces radiaux ou diagonaux au 19e siecle plutot qu'aux siecles prededents peut etre expliquee par une volonte de relier les rues existantes en ville

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In Japanese historic towns, samurai as well as merchant districts play an important role in urban conservation. The current problems of the two districts, however, are so different from each other that we cannot discuss them in the same phrase. Up to the present day, generally we have not engaged in conservation studies of samurai districts. The absence of the samurai class and the resemblance between samurai houses and the detached houses in modern suburbs, are the main reasons we have not made adequate analysis' of samurai districts in the context of urban conservation. From the case study of the samurai district of MATSUSHIRO castle town, NAGANO Prefecture, this paper will clarify the prototype of the plan of samurai houses, their zonl allocation and the system of aggregating samurai districts. As well, through the discussion of historical transformation, this paper will provide a direction towards the conservation of samurai districts. Contents of the paper are as follows : 1. Historic context of the samurai district of MATSUSHIRO. 2. Spacial constitution of samurai districts : * Prototype plan of a samurai house * Water system of a samurai district * Aggregation system of a samurai district 3. Historic transformation of the samurai district in MATSUSHIRO. 4. Conclusion.

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As an analysis for stastical data on refurbishment of buildings, approximate amount of money spent by means of obtaining (repair, expantion and new built) in owned houses, for 47 Prefectures,was estimated, and some relation between each expenditure was examined in this report.

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この論文は,米国の1970年代の顕著な2つの動向,家賃補助(住宅手当)実験事業と政策評価について検討する。そしてこれらを,米国の住宅政策研究および政策の計画実施が,計画科学としての合理性を整える上で大きな役割を果たしてきたものと位置づけ,その中から政策研究と計画の理論的仮説的枠組を考察しようとするものである。家賃補助実験事業(EHAP)は,1970年代初頭から10年余りをかけた大規模な社会実験事業であった。事業実施の背景には70年代の経済不況と政治状況が作用したが,主には60年代後半に急増した供給サイド重視の住宅諸施策の欠陥が指摘されたことから住宅戦略の変換が意図されたといえる。家賃補助制度への期待は特に(i)公正配分,(ii)費用効率性,(iii)個人の居住選択の自由,(iv)既存ストックの改善,の4点にあった。そして実験結果をみた上で,分岐している諸施策を家賃補助制度に単一化総合化できるものと考えられ,12都市で実施された。事業自体の結果では,公的負担を減少しながら数多くの住宅困窮世帯にサービスを提供できるものとして有効な施策と評価されるが,既存住宅のストックの向上には大きな効果はなく,個人の住環境選択の自由も期待されたほどの拡大を示さなかった。また低所得層向の新規住宅供給の必要性が再確認され,単一化された需要サイドの住宅補助施策として全国的に採用されることはなく,既存施策の修正に役立たせる範囲に留まった。だが研究上においては次のような意義を持つ。すなわち実験事業は,現実の事業と異なり,政策決定という段階を持たないが,そのプロセスを整理すると,目的設定一戦略選択-実施-評価,と進められた。これにより政策の計画プロセスと研究,調査を総合的に整えた貴重な事例といえ,現段階での米国の住宅政策研究の理論的計画的枠組と範疇をまとめ得るものである。政策評価の考え方は特に1960年代後半の「貧困との戦い」事業から生まれた社会政策,改良事業の評価の思潮から起ってきた。政策評価の必要性に対する認識は,評価基準の必要性,政策目的の明瞭化の要請,価値判断(規範)の必要性をもたらした。評価基準の必要性はさらに評価軸,測定方法,判定規準等をも整えることを要請する。住宅政策の分野では70年代初頭,アーロン,ダウンズ等の研究および理念の提起を経て,1973年住宅都市開発省(HUD)が既存の政策の評価を行った。アーロンの示した「公正」の概念は,住宅補助金政策を公的介入による低所得層に対する所得配分として把え,「公正」を配分政策の基本としたところに重要な意味がある。ダウンズは,公共財政の健全性という観点からの評価軸を示したといえる。住宅都市開発省は,「公正」「効率」「インパクト」を主な評価軸として,可能な範囲での数量化による比較を示した。「公正」概念は,施策サービスの配分を所得階層との対応関係から考察することにより配分の偏在を明らかにするもので,公共政策としての住宅政策が,準公共財としての住宅に対する公共支出の「公共性」と合致しているかを問うものであった。これは60年代の経済学の動向から影響を受けた概念と考えられる。具体的指標としてHUDは「垂直的公正」と「水平的公正」をあげているが,特に「垂直的公正」において基本的に便益が下にいくほど厚く増加すべきだとしている。「公正」の明瞭な提起は,住宅政策の理念を問う上で不可欠な意義を持っている。上述の政策評価に加え,主にフリーデンによるEHAPの評価を合わせて考察し,仮説的に住宅補助金施策の評価の枠組を提示すると,評価軸としては,(i)公正配分,(ii)事業実施の容易性,(iii)影響効果,(iv)費用効率性,(v)卒業可能性,があげられる。さらにこれらの評価軸は,測定方法,判定基準が示されることによって政策評価にある範囲での合理性を持たせることが可能である。住宅政策研究は仮説的に,制度(法制)研究,政策決定過程をめぐる研究,および計画研究に大別できる。米国の住宅政策研究を計画研究の側面からみる時,政策をひとつの計画サイクル(計画プロセス)に沿ってとらえることによって,研究課題が整理できる。計画サイクルは,あるべき政策理念の研究を出発点として,<政策・施策の目的の設定-戦略の選択-政策決定-実施-評価>を主要段階として成立すると考えられる。その各段階に研究調査,情報が積み重ねられる必要があり,特に評価は,政策研究を計画科学として整える上で今後も重視されるべきものといえる。

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In this study, I analyzed the difference of orientation toward house-ownership between the residents of occupied apartment houses and those of rented apartment houses. Both of them almost oriented to detached house-ownership, but the factors of moving out from their houses are very diffeent between the former and the latter.

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On this paper, We introduced and examined the architectural reference books on modular coordination (lit. Kiwari) "Furukawa Shinbei's Kiwari-notes" group. As a result, this paper clarified the fact that "Furukawa Shinbei's Kiwari-notes" group occupied a very important position in the process of establishment of Japanese architectural reference books on modular coordination.

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This is a part of studies on the design procedure of ancient Greek Doric temples, specifically on the planning of outer peristyles. For this kind of studies it is necessary to find some formulae which enable us to compute objectively the relations between axial intercolumnar spaces and front and flank lengths of stylobate. The purpose of this paper is a propose of these formulae. The most fundamental data of a temple are numbers of front and flank columns and lengths of stylobate. Although it is not easy to say the actual sequence of planning steps, it seems more likely that numbers of columns and axial spaces had been determined when front and flank lengths of stylobate were decided, and the lengths of stylobate were calculated as the sum of axial spaces and width of stylobate S (here, it means twice the distance from the centre of angle column to the edge of stylobate), than that stylobate lengths had been decided first and axial spaces were calculated by dividing the stylobate lengths. On these assumptions, I have formulated four Rules and their variations. First of all, if front axial space had been equal to flank axial space, front stylobate width had been same as flank stylobate width, and amount of angle contraction on the front had been equal to that on the flank, the common axial space would have always been computed as follows, whichever Rule might be applied. If we designate common axial space as I, front length of stylobate as W, flank length of stylobate as L, number of front columns as C_w, and number of flank columns as C_1. I=(L-W)/(C_L-C_W) Rule 1 is for those temples that had the same axial space both on front and flank, and stylobate width was equal to a half of axial space M (Fig. 1). Rule 1 a, a variation of Rule 1, is for those temples that although front axial space I_w was not equal to flank axial space I_L, front width of stylobate S_w was still equal to a half of front axial space M_w, and flank width of stylobate S_L was equal to a half of flank axial space M_L. In both Rule 1 and Rule 1 a, we get following equations : I_W=2・W/(2C_W-1),I_L=2・L/(2C_L-1) Rule 2 is for those temples that front and flank axial spaces were same, but stylobate width was not equal to a half of axial space (Fig. 2). Let us designate stylobate width in this case as K_2・M, number of intercolumniations on front as N_w, number of intercolumniations on flank as N_L, we can compute K_2 as follows K_2=(2(N_L・W-N_W・L))/(L-W) when front and flank axial spaces were not same, it would be classified as Rule 2 a, a variafion of Rule 2. In this case, we can not make any equations to define I_w, I_L or S. We must find out these dimensions by try and error method. When Rule 1 Temple had angle contraction, it would be classified as Rule 3 (Fig.3). If we designate the amount of contraction as (1 -K_3)・M, we can compute K_3 by the following equation, K_3=((2C_L-3)・W-(2C_W-3)・L)/(2(L-W)), (2・K_3+K_2+1) When Rule 2 temple had angle contraction, it would be classified as Rule 4. In this case, we can not but compute by Rule 3 and divide the value of (1 - K_3)・M among the contractions of angle intercolumiation and stylobate width. The principle of angle contraction by Rule 3 and Rule 4 is to move the angle columns inwards to get even triglyph interval. It is the easiest way to realize angle contraction, at the same time, it is in accordance with the generally accepted comprehension of angle contraction. But there is another method to make every triglyph interval same, without moving the angle columns. I have formulated this latter method as Rule AC. Let us reconsider the triglyph problem. If angle intercolumniation had not been contracted, angle metope would have become wider than normal metope. If, instead of contracting angle intercolumniation, the amount of elongation of angle metope had been evenly distributed to every metope, all the metope width would have become equal. By this

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Most of main churches of Early Gothic were covered with sexpartite vaults. But they were deserted with transition to High Gothic, instead rectangular quadripartite vaults came to be widely employed. However in Ile-de-France, before Early Gothic, rectangular quadripartite vaults had already been used in many churches. That is to say, within the limits of Ile-de-France, the nave vaulting was suddenly transformed from rectangular quadripartite to sexpartite with commencement of Early Gothic, and then returned to rectangular quadripartite again. It is a singular transition. The transition as such cannot be explained reasonably as a development of vault. I think that the cause of such a irregular transition of vault exists rather in the transition of pier system than in the vault itself. In this paper, I make it clear that the transition of pier system in Ile-de-France is able to be recognized as a process that heavy compound piers were replaced by stages with slender columns, and that the transition of vault like above can be explained as a secondary phenomenon following to the transition of pier system.

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The purpose of this study is to inspect practically the actual conditions of the Kesen-carpenters in the Edo and the Meiji periods, from the viewpoints of their works, their techniques, their genealogies, their social backgrounds, and so on. In this paper, the Kesen-carpenters on the construction of houses were examined through the investigations on both the houses and the documentary records of the Edo and the Meiji periods in Rikuzen-Takada district.

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