In this paper, the program system using the finite sound ray integration method was extended to permit the calculation of echo-diagrams up to 300 ms even for the room shapes having more than 900 wall surfaces. From echodiagrams, acoustical criteria for liveness and spatial impression were derived for three auditoriums. The measured criteria and caluculated criteria were found to be high correlated. Not only the correlation coefficients of D ; R, C, RI and RR values were high, but also the calculated values closely approximated to the measured values. Successively, authors developed two different methods to simulate the attenuation by air absorption in the computer simulation system based on the finite sound ray integration. The first method was to convolute the air absorption for each and every sound ray. The second was to convolute the air absorption to the calculated impulse response corresponding to the arrival time of sound. The latter yielded the more practical results by the short calculation time.

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Three series of psycho-acoustical experiments are performed to investigate the difference between the annoyance of road traffic noise evaluated in the field and that in the laboratory. The experiment I is carried out near actual road and subjects are imposed to dictate Chinese characters and instructed to evaluate annoyance of the noise that comes from the road. The experiment II is carried out in the same way but in the laboratory and the noises, which are recorded on magnetic tapes during the experiment I, are used as stimuli. In the experiment III the video images, which are also recorded on video tapes during the experiment I, are added to the stimuli. The experimental results show that L_<20>, L^^-+_σ, L_<eq> are fairly good indices of annoyance of road traffic noise evaluated in the field as well as in the laboratory. But the annoyance of noise evaluated in the field is smaller than that in the laboratory. The differences of them correspond to about seven to nine dBA in L_<eq>. The annoyance of noise when both sound and video images are used as stimuli can be predicted by L_<eq> and the factors derivated from factor analysis of the impression of environment near road. This fact shows that visual information as well as audio information of noise is a very important factor for the evaluation of annoyance of road traffic noise.

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Previously we studied the causes of errors in measurement of water vapor permeance of buiding materials by a test method using saturated salt solutions. To eliminate these errors, it is necessary to measure vapor pressure of air in test chambers of Two-Box Method. For this purpose, we developed two physicochemical measuring methods of sampled air from test chambers ; 1) refrigerating method which cools the sampled air under dew point temperature, and 2) exposing method which exposes the sampled air to water or saturated salt solutions. By either method, the vapor pressure of the sampled air can be shifted to the known value, thus permitting us to calculate the original vapor pressure by using the difference of total pressure in the sampling vessel. The values obtained by these method are in good accord with these derived by Assmann's psychrometer. Furthermore, the measuring method of vapor transfer coefficient of surfaces of the specimen is proposed. The values of natural convection measured by this method coincide with numerical values derived from Navier-Stokes formula.

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This paper describes a numerical method for predicting the concentration of air pollutants in room, and the effects of the factors, the ventilation system, the location of air pollutant generation and so on, on the mechanism for the diffusion. The Two-Equation model of turbulence is applied to the governing equations of room air, and the discretization of the basic equations is formulated by the finite element method. This method is easy to simulate the distribution of air pollutant concentration in the actual room. As the results of computer simulation, the distribution of concentration is varied as the location of inlet and outlet in the air conditioned room. The diffusion of air pollutants have two types of mechanism. The one is the type that the turbulent diffusion exerts an influence on the concentration where the air flow speed is small, and the other is that the convection dominated diffusion where the air flow speed is relatively large. Also the air pollutant concentration is approximately predicted by the air flow speed in the place where the pollutants are generated.

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It is well known that radiation is a significant thermal environmental parameter, and operative temperature (OPT) is more closely related to human comfort than dry-bulb temperature. Thermal environmental design in office space, however, has not aimed at making OPT an object which should be controlled directly. The reason is due to the difficulty in practice, and hence, two methods of reducing thermal radiation in office space have been designed and tested, so that the thermal environment can be reasonably evaluated and controlled merely with dry-bulb temperature. The effects have been examined through field investigations and reported in this paper.

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Air temperature distribution in an urban cavity of the rectangular type was investigated based on field measurement all daylong in hot summer. The cavity is enclosed with a street and both walls of buildings ; the center line of the street is oriented almost exactly east-west; the width of the street is 16 m ; the heigth of both buildings on the north side and the south side is 17 m. Air temperatures of 63 points in a section rectangular to the street and building's wall of the cavity were measured. A special method measuring air temperature outdoors was devised; which used fine thermocouple without shield, calibrated temperature error to solar radiation in advance, and corrected measured data in the sunny points on the calibration according to the direct solar radiation in the same time. The standard deviation of the air temperature distribution in the cavity was higher in the daytime than in the night time, was in the linear correlation to solar radiation, and held 0.5 K of maximum in the daytime. Mean of the air temperature in the cavity was occasionally changed, as the wind direction on the street was turned from west to east. The air temperature in the cavity was almost near to the outside air temperature. Temperature boundary layer on the surface was not over 50cm. Air vortex on the section in the cavity was observed from the air temperature distribution, when the wind direction was rectangular to the building's wall.

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Surface temperature and surface heat fluxes of conduction and radiation were measured in an urban cavity of the rectangular type in all daylong in hot summer. The cavity is enclosed with a street and both walls of buildings ; the street is oriented alomost exactly east-west ; the width of the street is 16m ; the height of both buildings on the north side and the south side is 17m. The measurement of the heat flux of radiation was carried out on solar radiation and long wave radiation using the ERF Detector, which was able to measure simultaneously solar radiation and long wave radiation. The heat flux of conduction was measured by heat flow detector on which the same colored plastic tape as the surface was slicked. The solar reflectance of the tape was decided using the ERF Detector. Effect of solar radiation on the surface temperature and the surface heat fluxes was very strong. The surface temperature of the northern part of the street was the highest to 48℃, the under part of the wall of the northern building was next highest to 43℃. The heat absorbing solar radaition incident to the surface was transfered inside wall by conduction and to the cavity by convection and long wave radiation. The heat dissipation by long wave radiation was higher in the upper part of the wall than in the under part. Convection heat transfer coefficient based on heat fluxes measurement held a linear correlation with the wind velocity at the roof of the building.

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Sunlit surfaces are caused on interior walls by direct solar radiation transmitted through fenestration into a room. Influence of the sunlit surface movement on heat conduction of walls as well as transient room temperature was examined by experiments and simulations. The box which had a brick bed and glass skylight was made. Surface temperature distribution of the brick bed was observed by using an infrared scanner in order to catch the characteristics of the sunlit surface movement. Temperatures of the brick bed were calculated by a three-dimensional finite differece method. The accuracy of this method was confirmed by comparing calculated values with measured ones. Inside surface temperature distribution of a middle storied room made of concrete walls was calculated by the above-mentioned method. Besides this three dimensional method, other three types of calculation were carried out to get the room surface temperatures regarding one-dimensional heat conduction of walls. By comparison of these results, we recommend a type of method using the sunlit area ratio to get the value of solar heat gain at interior wall surfaces.

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An analysis of indoor air flow distribution is needed in order to estimate the efficiency of natural ventilation. Numerical solution is the most suitable way to analyze it. But there are few papers to solve the natural ventilation by numerical calculation. The most difficult point to solve it is boundary conditions at openings. The authors obtained the boundary conditions from Navier-Stokes equation supposing the flow through openings like a channel flow. We used the calculation model which had a heater on the floor and two openings on the same wall. Some numerical experiments were carried out and the results were discribed as the distribution of stream line, temperature and pressure. Especially, the pressure loss at the openings were investigated in detail. As a result, we found the characteristics of the openings had good agreement with the theoretical analysis.

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The following 3 characters of heating and cooling demand are the most significant in Japan. 1) There is cooling demand as well as heating demand. 2) Hourly and monthly variation of the demands vary very much according to the use of building. 3) We can provide most of the demands with waste heat and enviromental heat. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the systems when we design district heating and cooling. We deal with urban areas from 10 km×10km to 100km×100km by H (2)〜H(3) Model (1 Unit=a500m×500m mesh area) and define 1 Unit as a 'district' and study on the classification of the districts in Tokyo according to the heating and cooling demand to find which system is the most economical or efficient for a district. We adopt 2 characters of the heating and cooling demand in a district, 1) the density, 2) the variation. We choose 64 districts (Fig. 1) as samples. By examining these samples, it is possible to get some types of the characters. As for the density, we adopt 'density of annual heating demand' and 'annual cooling demand ratio (annual cooling demand / annual heating demand)' as indexes. The 64 districts are classified into 7 clusters (the average of indexes of each cluster is shown in Table 1) by Centroid Hierachical Cluster Analysis. As for the variation, we analyze hourly variation in winter by Principle Component Analysis and find the following two principle component ; the first one has positive correlation with the value of night (from 18:00 to 23:00) and negative correlation with the value of daytime (from 9:00 to 18:00) and the second one has negative correlation with the value of midnight (from 0:00 to 6:00). We adopt scores of the first and the second components as indexes and classify the 64 districts into 5 clusters by Centroid Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Using the results, we set discriminant functions to classify all the districts in Tokyo. Maps and frequency distribution of the districts of the types are Fig. 6, Fig. 7 and Table 4.

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The aim of this study is to build a systematic method of analysis of urban mesh-data. In the first part of this paper, some serious defects of existing method of analysis for urban mesh-data are mentioned with problems which we must solve. The proposed method for the above difficulities is based on the concept of spatial interactivities in urban area. This concept is formulated mathematically by the spatial covariance function and the spatial correlation function. Some natures of these functions are described. Nextly, the concept of spatial influence in urban area is formulated by spatial influence function. By this formulation, it is shown that the spatial influence function can be estimated by the calculated spatial covarience function. Furthermore, we can get a model which estimates the value in each mesh point by using the spatial influence function.

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This study is to explicate Space-consciousness of street spaces objectively (Psychological-analysis), to develop a method how to describe the street spaces quantitatively (Physical-analysis), and moreover to obtain relation formulas between the results of Psychological-analysis and Physical-analysis (Correlation-analysis). In this paper (Part II ), the results of Physical-analysis of the street spaces are presented as the second step of the study. First, five Shopping-streets and five Residential-streets were selected especially in Tokyo district out of many streets investigated. In order to analyze these street spaces physically, photographes and sketches of the street spaces were collected and also the measurements of the street spaces were taken. Second, we divided a street space into physical elements such as Wall, Window, Street-trees, Sidewalk and Street-furniture. Furthermore, these physical elements were properly classified into several space elements by their attributes. As a result, it was made clear that Shopping-street spaces were possible to represent with only twenty-seven space elements, and Residential-street spaces with only twenty-two space elements. Third, we tried to make an analytical model for the description of these street spaces. The model was composed of the above-mentioned selected space elements and was named SYMBOLIC-ELEVATION. This model represented each street space skillfully without losing its characteristics and atmospheres. Finally, the quantities of the space elements of the street space were calculated to obtain the characteristics of the street space. In conclusion, Physical-analysis proved that the street spaces could be described quantitatively by the analytical model consisting of the appropriate space elements.

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The purpose of this study is to extract the environmental meaning from the perceived similarities among places. Four experiments were performed. The experiments were to sort the color photographs into categories on the basis of some aspects of physical features. The photographs used in the experiments were the outdoor space which consist of two buildings. Through the multidimensional scaling SINDSCAL analysis of perceived similarities, the following physical features were extracted : the disposition pattern of the two buildings, the difference of height, the similarity of facades, and soon.

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Subsequent to Part 1, one-day activities of 155 pupils of the physically handicapped were observed for total 155 days, and their moving activities inside and between rooms were picked up. Thus upon analyzing the activities from the viewpoint of the moving methods, for example by wheelchair, stick etc. and also the moving purpose for having lessons and playing, this paper describes the planning theme on the space of the passages.

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1. Preface In this paper, we will examine the usable land transformed from abolished rivers by comparing the facts of reclamation with index elements of urbanization. Further we will clarrify how the rivers and canals were transformed to usable land areas. Copy of 1/10000 map preserved in the Geographical Survey Institute is used as a base map for the topographical drawing in this measurement research. We used blank map and drew on to them watercourses network of rivers and canals. For the measurement of total length of the waterfront, the average value is adopted which calculated out of measurements (five times each) by setting digitizer (measurement precision 1/10 mm) in microcomputer. 2. Change of total waterfront length of Tokyo 23-Ku Fig. 1 illustrates change of waterfront length in the 76 years from 1909 upto 1985. During the period, 1203 km was reduced in Tokyo 23-ku. There are 6-ku which show a large value than average value. In this paper, analysis is prticularly made of those 6-ku (Edogawa, Sumida, Arakawa, Kouto, Adachi, Chuo). The districts showing relatively large change are low and swampy areas surrounded by rivers. The districts are also areas which have been rapidly industrialized. 3. Decrease in waterfront density and index elements of urbanization We selected the index items of urbanization as land for agriculture, population density, sewerage and land for housing, industrial land, residential land. Fig. 2 illustrates changes in reduction of waterfront density and the rate of land for housing in 48 years from 1932 to 1980. Fig. 3 illustrates changes in the area of land being used for industrial purposes in 1932 to 1980. Fig. 4 illustrates changes in the area of land being used for residential purposes in 1932 to 1980. Fig. 5 illustrates changes in the area of land being used for agricultural purposes in 1932 to 1980. Fig. 6 shows changes in the population density in same time. Fig. 7 shows changes in the total sewerage length density in 1932 to 1980. The drawing show that in Arakawa-ku and Chuo-ku industrialization rate is gradually reducing in recent years. Further, regions other than Chuo-ku are rapidly reducing the area of lands being used for agricultural purposes. 4. Correlation between waterfront density and index elements of urbanization Index elements of 11 items have been selected in order to correlate with decrease of the waterfront density. Amoung 23-ku. the highest correlation is residentialization ; R=0.822, followed by the total roads length density ; R=0.806. On the other hand, the land aged for commercialization, the population density of the tertiary industry and industrialization are little correlated. As for the 6-ku, residentialization rate, agriculturalization rate, and the total sewrage length density, etc. are correlated. 5. Transformation of watercourses in the 6-Ku Table 1 shows transformation of watercourses for 43 years from 1937 through 1980. Chuo-ku ranks top among others that have transformed watercourses into roads (rate ; 62.9%), followed by Adachi-ku (33.8%). Katsushika-ku ranks No.1 among others that have transformed watercourses into housing (rate ; 35.3%), followed by Adachi-ku (33.0%). According to classification of width of the waterway, many waterways whose width are less than 3m have been transformed. The total length is 863km. Regardless of width, over 30% of watercourses have been transformed into roads. In particular, 41.2% of watercourses whose width ae over 15m have been transformed into roads. 72.1% of 3m in Edogawa-ku, while 86% is over 15m in Chuo-ku. 6. Conclusion Among 23-ku in Tokyo, the 6-ku, which showed a remarkable change in water-courses density, have been researched. The results are that the reclaimed watercourses hae been mainly transformed into the land for roads and housing.

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We minimize the total length of the circuit through n points randomly placed by using road networks. The upper bound for the circuit length is given by 2 √<nS> if S is an area. of the convex region with n points. We also show that this upper bound is constant for various kinds of network patterns.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the manner the wooden apartments accumulate and cause the high density of the neighborhood (authorized minimal size) in the wooden apartment areas that are characterized as "massed condition type" in four cities in Osaka, besides to estimate the neighborhoods which might be in question from the viewpoint of improvement. The contents are summerized as follows; The neighborhoods there are not equal and some outstanding ones are found. Some contain from 1000 to the maximum 2750 apartments. The ratio of the apartments to the whole dewellings is sometimes more than 90%. And the smaller ground area per wooden apartment, reportedly 15.4m^2, in Osaka than in Tokyo makes the density high. The maximum reaches 257 dwellings per hectare (602 population per hectare). Out of the neighborhoods there, the ones holding more than 600 apartments, which are hardly found in other cities, are marked. Neighborhoods with the density of more than 150 dwellings per hectare are unusual in Tokyo or Osaka, however, such exist in relatively large numbers among them. These 40 neighborhoods should be considered for improvement, although the wooden apartments number almost 39 thousand, corresponding to 13% of the whole housholds in the four cities.

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In the first half of 19 th century, such steam-driven equipments were devised and improved, as pump, piledriver, mortar-mixer and so on. They were employed mainly in civil-engineering works. In building, employment of them was recognized only in some large-scale works. Yet it should not be overlooked that the original construction equipments appeared at this period with the limited power of external combustion engine.

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