Turbulent air flow around a building has been simulated by means of three dimensional Large Eddy Simulation. In this type of siumlation, the predicted wind velocity fluctuates continuously with position and time. The results of the simulation are compared with those of wind tunnel tests with regard to air flow pattern and various statistical quantites (i.e. velocity spectrum, turbulent intensity, integdral scale and so on). It is confirmed that the correspondence between the numerical simulation and the wind tunnel experiment is rather good.

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This paper aims at estimating thermal environment in a room with cross-ventilation by PMV from outdoor climatic conditions. First, thermal effect of cross-ventilation is shown by comparing cumulative frequency distributions of PMV of the dwelling units with windows opened and closed for three ranges of outdoor air temperature. Second, high correlations are seen between outdoor and indoor air temperatures, outdoor and indoor relative humidities, wind speed and indoor air flow velocities, and indoor air and globe temperatures. Third, PMV's are estimated from outdoor climatic factors by using these relations. They get good agreement with PMV's calculated from air and globe temperatures, relative humidity and air flow velocity all measured indoors. Finally, PMV charts with parameters of outdoor air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed are proposed for various metabolic rates and clothing conditions. By these charts one can estimate PMV in a room with crossventilation for any outdoor conditions.

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Thermal insulation of exterior walls is effective to reduce heating energy requirement, but in summer it occasionally brings an increase of cooling load and keeps room temperatures at a high level without air-conditioning. In this case, the utilization of water evaporative cooling by wetting thermal insulation materials laid on outside surface is considered to be one of the passive cooling methods. The authors carried out two series of field experiments with twin test houses and simulations for these houses, to improve thermal performance of outer insulated walls by using evaporative cooling. 1) Evaporative cooling effects of the outside insulation system whose insulation materials were saturated with water were examined using the twin test houses. Surface treatments of the insulation material were considered to keep insulation materials air-dried in winter. 2) After the houses were reconstructed, we examined thermal effects of the double envelope system, which had panels for solar shading at outside surfaces of the evaporative cooling system. Panels of the roof were movable and could be opened at night to use atomospheric radiation cooling. 3) Simulations for these houses were made by using the calculation program PSSP proposed by the authors. The results showed that the outgoing heat flow through exterior walls in the evaporative cooling system increased by reason that the outside surface temperatures lowered and thermal resistance of the insulation materials decreased. Furthermore this phenomenon was promoted in the double envelop system because outside surface temperatures lowered near by the wet-bulb temperature of ambient air.

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In order to make effective use of various techniques in the planning and design of a bilding, it is necessary to classify these techniques systematically on the basis of principle. There are two fundamental kinds of principles in such a systematic classification : (1) principles derived from the building construction system itself ; (2) principles derived from the idea of meeting the demands of building. This study is undertaken from the latter perspective. The aim of this study is to indicate systematic classification procedures for methods used to control active factors. It is the summation of all our past research on the control of such active factors. A systematic classification of active factors is necessary in order to isolate phenomena that are control targets. In this study, we have classified active factors into 27 types, on the basis of a classificatory concept for active factors developed in the course of past research. We have focused our research up to now on 59 types of active-factor-behavior phenomena and 17 types of building-property-modifying phenomena. We considered the promotion and the restraint of such phenomena a necessary requirement in any building. Control methods are classified systematically according to governing principles and level. We can derive principles of control if we match physical and chemical conditions, which arise due to various phenomena, with the actual structural properties of a building. On the basis of past research, we have roughly classified structural levels into (1) building areas, (2) buildings, (3) building parts, (4) furniture, (5) fittings and equipment, and (6) occupants. Based on the foregoing, we have classified practical control methods with their above-mentioned principles.

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At the present time in Japan, the view of dwelling house and home life have so much diversity, as life style have much diversity. In this paper the hypotheses about the patterns of the view of dwelling house and home life, and the structure of them have been set up. And the patterns of the view of dwelling house and home life have been researched about dwellers of three differnt communities, to classify the patterns of them with Q-FACTOR method. The following results have been obtaind. 1) Four patterns of the view of dwelling house and home life ; 'Convention', 'Ostentation', 'Rational[ty', and 'Autonomy', have been classified about all dwellers. 2) Each patterns of them have been changeable, according to charactor on the residential area and the classes of dwelling house for three communities. 3) The patterns of view of dwelling house and home life that are made as the hypotheses have shown work effectively to classify the patterns of them and have been held well.

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New kind of utility networks such as district heating, information network, utility tunnel and so on, are being constructed. It is necessary to define how to evaluate priority of planning these networks. We deal with urban areas of 10 km × 10 km to 1 000 km × 1 000 km by H(2) -H(3) model (1 Unit=a 500 km × 500 km mesh area) and propose following new indexes to evaluate the priority of one unit. 1. Amount of demand per unit length of utility network (D_L) D_L = <[D_α]^x>/<[L_m]^x> 2. Amount of demand per a building (D_N) D_N=<[D_a]^x>/<[N_b]^x> 3. Present demand ratio in predicted maximum demand in the futute (R_<MD>) R_<MD>=<[D_a]^x>/<[_<max>D_a]^x> D : Amount of demand D_a : Amount of annual demand L : Length of utility networks L_m : Length of 'Model Utility Network' N_b : The number of buildings D^^・_a : Amount of annual demand supplied by utility networks _<max>D_a : Predicted annual maximum demand in the future [D_a]^x : Amount of annual demand in a x m×x m mesh area We express what supplied by utility networks by adding following symbols with '( )' to D_L, D_N, R_<MD> and D. E : Electric power G : Gas W : Water H : Hot-water (Steam) C : Cold-water 'Model Utility Network' is set along the street under a certain constraints. We applied these indexes to Tokyo City (2 382 meshes). We calculated D_<L(E)>, D_<N(E)> and R_<MD(E)> of each mesh and found that these three indexes of 158 meshes (around the Emperor's Residence, Shinjuku and Shibuya District) are bigger than that of the value at 95 % of the cumulative frequency distribution of the meshes with underground electric wire today. Moreover, we and found that these three indexes of 32 meshes are bigger than that calculated D_<L(E,G,W,H,C)>. D_<N(E,G,W,H,C)> and R_<MD(E,G,W,H,C)> of the value at 95 % of the cumulative frequency distribution of the meshes with utility tunnel today.

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This paper reports the characteristics on volume of inhabitants' out-door behavior in rural area. The study was carried out with 3 investigations, which had been conducted in 1975, 1980 and 1983. In those investigations, the questionaires of inhabitants, above fifteen years old, had been taken at 12 rural settlements in different regions and at all settlements in Tochigi-city. These setllements were selected from the pattern of them. The main results are follows : 1) Total volume of each inhabitants' behavior is approximately constant. 2) Sum of volume on several kinds of behavior occupy the greater part of total volume. 3) The volumes on most kinds of behavior are similar among every settlements except particular kinds of bihavior depending on local property. 4) The volume of behavior is greatly influenced by the age group. 5) Different kind of behavior has a peculior pattern for sphere of behavior. 6) Each setllement has different sphere of inhabitants' behavior for the characteristics of settlement, distance from central town and developing stage of facilities. 7) The attension should be paled to such behavior as "take a walk", "chat" and "play with ohild". Those are apt to be neglected in rural development but have large volume of behavior.

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"Tsugrte-shikuchi" is the joint technology in Japanese wooden structural building system. There remain 21 manuals about "tsugite-shikuchi" written in around edo period. those manuals explain the level and the standard of the timber joint system at that age in Japanese traditional architectural history. The 129 types of "tsugite-shikuchi" are listed from 21 manuals. They shall be classified to 10 groups. The architectural manuals "tsugite-shikuchi-hinagata" are classified to 4 types according to the bibliography and contents of the manuals.

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In this article, the historical documents left by Hara Turukichi, a son of Hikozaemon, are studied comparing with those of Hikozaemon. Main subjects are as follows. 1. Contents of Yorozu Tatemae Oboecho and Sakuryo Kanjocho. 2. Contracts and wages, their development. 3. Yorideshi, a special type of the apprenticeship in Kiso district. 4. Development during the Meiji period.

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The aim of this paper is to make clear the meaning and function of yagura-yashiki (town house with tower) in joukamachi (castle town); the existence of which was clarified in the previous paper. I considered yagura-yashiki at Edo, Sendai and Osaka, and recognized the fact that yagura-yashiki was built and maintained in order to play the role as a landmark for the purpose of creating the dramatic townscape by the dominant of joukamachi. In some cases more dramatic townscape was intended, accompanied by the vista toward tenshu (donjon) in the castle, as I had considered in the other papers. Contents are as follows ; Preface 1. Kado-yashiki (corner town house with tower) at Edo 2. Bashou-no-tsuji (street corner with yagura-yashiki) at Sendai 3. The meaning of Bashou-no-tsuji 4. The meaning of yagura-yashiki 5. Conclusion

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In the historic quarter of Hakodate, a port city of Hokkaido, there remain only scarce buildings before the big fire in 1907, in contrast with plenty ones after it. 108 earlier buildings, about 30 % of all, along the Odori and the Wharf Streets could be reconstructed by the sources of engravings and photographs from the Middle Meiji Era. Almost of them are conjectured to have been built in a few years immediately after the fires in 1878 and 1879. These serial fires were, although utterly destructive, a capital opportunity to improve the city from the old and spontaneous to the modern one with a grid system of widened and straightened streets and fire proof buildings. Reconstructed buildings tell that about two thirds of them along the Odori were improved to be fire proof, but ones in Benten-cho, west part of the Odori Street, were of the traditional godown type, while ones in east Suyehiro-cho, at least several of them, were of the new type, that is of brick construction and plaster finishing to express the western fashion, arched openings, corner stones and so on. Urban center of Hakodate, that once in the earlier time had been at the westernmost Benten-cho, gradually moved eastward along the Odori. Since the serial fires in 1878 and 1879, Suyehiro-cho established itself as the most flourishing trading center with the neibouring main wharf and administration offices.

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