In this study, two subjects with different purposes continued by collaborating the maintenance and management of regional resources. As a result the environmental preservation activity of NPO has been continued by the member's will. Many members worried about the friction with the residents, and demanded for mediation at the administration. Easing of friction were important factors that led to continued by collaboration.

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  Obviously, the quality of public body of water has been improved. However, it is mainly due to the abatement of environment load from point source pollution. The next challenge is how to reduce the environment load from non-point source pollution, especially from agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to suggest the way of the new environment conservation, “Voluntary Agreement”, for non-point source pollution. As the results, it is revealed that voluntary agreement with “threat” is very powerful tool for the abatement of environment load from non-point source pollution.

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  The main aims of this research are to figure out conditions of agricultural management and living environment in agricultural community in which inhabitants of farmers are relatively young. We illustrated mainly two types of agricultural community which young people inhabit. (1) The percentage of young agricultural labors is relatively high, and both large arable land and the added value of products are very important in its agricultural management. (2) Many of the farmhouses do farming as a side job, and roles of elder farmers and young non-farmers are clearly separated from the viewpoint of community economy. To increase the number of young inhabitants, it is important to secure living environment especially in a distant place from the city area.

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  In this study, the role of trees plays for rural landscape planning was discussed in regard to relationships between physical attributes of trees and its human perception. We conducted ground surveys to identify physical attributes of trees and its human perceptions for Nojimatokiwa, Awaji Hyogo. Items of ground surveys included tree species, land use types, distances from residential areas, human perception of trees, reasons of perception and management practices. The results show that trees in rural landscape performed various functions, especially trees with personal memories are highly perceived. The highly perception ratings for the trees with personal memories signify the importance of communications between rural landscape planners and people who live there. For improving rural environmental perceptual quality, carrying out advanced researches will certainly lead to new insights regarding citizens' perception of local character.

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  The purpose of this study is to aim to c\arify ideal way of bringing landscape activities under exchange activities. Results are as follows: 1) It is necessaly to construct the frame of the consensus building among residents to establish the way it should be of the spectacle in the region in the exchange program; 2) Adjusting attracting of the private company. the match with the local populace, and the interest becomes important in the organization of the civil service.

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  Dragonfly and damselfly (Odonata) species were surveyed from May to October 2002 on 38 small irrigation ponds in the north part of Awaji Island. The investigation was conducted nine times on each pond. Totally 1568 individuals of 28 species were recorded for six months. We selected nine species recorded more than 40 individuals and analyzed the relationships of individual number of these species with environmental factors, including conductivity, NO₂^-, NO₃^-, NH₄^-, PO₄^3-, COD, surrounding land uses within 50 meters from the edge of pond, the number of aquatic water plant species, and autocovariates explaining spatial autocorrelation, using Generalized Linear Models (GLM). The result showed that NO₃^-, COD, surrounding grassland, woodland and the number of water plant species were critical factors for the distribution of some Odonata species.

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  This study aims to clarify the utility of a stay type volunteer program for conservation of rural landscape. The study results are; The requirements to be established a program to a region in the stance of "The leading part is local (village)" are 1; a balanced work-sharing of 3 sectors (an activity group, public sector and local people, 2; the promotion of volunteer leader who instruct participants in work or adjust a program with local people, 3; setting to a schedule for participants and local people to join easily at consecutive holidays and farmer's off-season, 4; a plan to get achievement feeling on work and enjoy communication with the others. To continue acting, the role of an activity group that ties to volunteer local people will be more important as well as public sector's role of supporting an activity.

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  This paper thoroughly analyzed the popularization of the usage of marsh gas in En-Shi City of China, and the survey from farmers also well proved the effectiveness of marsh gas. Therefore, the conclusion is that the utilization of marsh gas can improve the farmer's living level and has positive effects to the protection of environment as well as the prosperity of the agriculture and the rural areas, besides, farmers are also very satisfied. We can assure that the usage of the low cost, small size and distributed bio-energy will be a very promising way to the continuous development of the rural areas.

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  We surveyed the residents' attiude toward community events which incudes NEPUTA (Large lantern festival) and SHISHI-MAI (traditional lion dance) in Hiraka area, Hirakawa city, Aomori prefecture. As the result, Residents feel the meaning and necessity of every community events, even so they sometimes don't participate in them because of the troublesome feeling, especially in SISI-MAI. And adults mainly think the community events promote the communication among residents, on the other children have a pleasant time through them.

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  The purpose of this study is to examine relating factors associated with participation in health examination among the elderly population. Dependent variable was participation in health examination. Physical, psychological, social, functional ability, health behavior and transportation availability were regarded as independent variables. Respondents were divided into urban residents, suburban residents and rural residents by Population Density of their municipality. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the age-adjusted odds ratio. The factors independently related to participation in health examination after controlling other factors were, intellectual activity, social role, Participation to regional having job, smoking. Instrumental self-maintenance and transportation availability were related to participation in health examination in rural area, not in urban and suburban area.

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  In this study, the authors examined the attitude of the users of stay-type allotment gardens towards interactions with the local people, and investigated the relationship between the attitude and the interaction. The users were classified into 3 types based on their attitude towards interaction; (a) those who were willing to interact, (b) who were aware of interactions, and (c) who had an indifferent attitude toward interactions. The actions of type (a) were classified into 2 groups: (al) the users who interact and (a2) the users who did not.

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  Questionnaire surveys were conducted for all leaders of 209 farmers' unions of Kameoka City and Kyotanba Town in Kyoto Prefecture to analyze the present state of the group activities to decrease agricultural damage caused by wildlife at paddy areas. The group activities in a group were carried out at 70.1% of all farming communities damaged by wildlife, most of which depended on fences for protecting farmlands from wildlife. Of the farming communities, 46.8% answered that they required non-farmers' cooperation for the activities, but it was at only 28.1% of the farming communities where non-farmers cooperated on work or expenses for the activities.

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  The reclaimed wastewater quality in 34 treatment facilities of combined household wastewater for individual houses were investigated in the rural area in Ehime Prefecture, in Japan, in September or October, 2007. The mean values of SS·BOD· COD·T-P·T-N were 3.3 mg·L^-1, 4.0 mg·L^-1, 17.9 mg·L^-1, 19.2 mg·L^-1, 3.11 mg·L^-1, respectively. The T-N concentrations decreased when the return flow devices were continuously operated. The COD·T-N concentrations decreased when it was shorter period since the cleaning, including back washing and sludge carry out. Based on the results and the former results obtained in February or March, 2007, the availability, limitation and the better management practices of the treatment systems were also discussed.

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  Our purpose is to investigate the responses of the irrigation pond management organizations for sustaining ponds in North and East Harima region. We interviewed 26 pond managers and some administrative officers in that region. As a result, there are multi-layered land-rights organizations separated from water-use groups in urbanized region. And property ward “Zaisan-ku” stock the sales profit of pond in their organization, and offer the expenses for water-use groups to repair work of their other pond.

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  To clarify the issues about the construction of a future framework of waterway conservation and management, we conducted literature surveys on the conservation policies of the city government and semi-structured interviews with the stakeholders of the waterway management in Kanazawa, Japan. As a result, we found three main issues. Firstly, the conservation policies did not include any measures which support farmers. Secondly, the management structure was not fully formed among the stakeholders and the stakeholders have no perspectives to the future. Thirdly, we found a lack of coordination between conservation policies and current management systems.

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  The purpose of this paper is to analyze the supply mechanism and the impact to agricultural production of Noubishe Perch irrigation project, Nepal. Cooperative relationship between the farmers has made the supply of the irrigation water possible. Because transport cost of the water is high, if farmers do not cooperate, they cannot obtain the irrigation water. In addition, to prevent the free rider, strict rule was decided by Water User Association and the key is equipped in the outlets of main canal. As a result, it became possible to supply irrigation water to the fields and irrigation water changed cropping pattem and improved the crop intensity. And agricultural income increased largely.

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  The purposes of this study are to identify cognition and evaluation structure of terraced rice fields landscapes, and to compare their difference between local and non-local residents. From the analysis by photo classification method, terraced rice fields landscapes are recognized by two axis “management level” and “traditional-modern”. As result of evaluation grid method and rating scale method, we found difference of evaluation between local and non-local residents about “traditional-modern”, “natural-artificial” and “sense of life and activity”.

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  The requisite for the succeeding local specialty was verified in the approach of Samekawa village as a case study. The administration, the chamber of commerce and industry, and the social welfare corporation were developed original local specialty, and had succeeded in of each. The feature is to start both of three sectors developments with the problem solving in the village. The care about delicious and handmade was enabled because it had paid attention for a life of villagers. As a result, popularity was obtained not only in the village but outside the village, and they were established as a local specialty.

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  It is often the case that the measurement of social capital is dependent on aggregating the individual answers to the questions asking individual perception of trust, collective efficacy, and the degree of social participation. It is, however, reported that the answers to these questions are correlated with the respondents' attributes. This paper investigates the extent to which the difference of the answer can be ascribed to regional-level variations. Data for the analysis is based on 10,448 people over 65 years old living in 199 rural settlements in Chita peninsula. The results showed that significant regional difference in the answers to the questions of collective efficacy, and the degree of social participation remain after the adjustments of individual attributes such as age, sex, equivalised income, educational attainment, and marital status.

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  The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of women's enterprise in rural areas in Japan. 9 case studies were conducted focusing on entrepreneurial initiatives undertaken by women of differing age in Chiba prefecture. Results suggest that the awareness concerning, and objectives of enterprises and the role they play within communities differ depending on the age of the businesswomen involved. Furthermore, it was shown that business models changed depending on the age and life stage of the women.

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  Depopulation and aging are remarkable for the Hilly and Mountainous Area in Yamaguchi Prefecture, and these areas are difficult to maintenance. However, there are people who work on the development of the village by using direct payment policy for farmers in hilly and mountainous areas.
   In this situation, it is necessary that the grasp of the problem and people' s cooperative relationships to advance activation regardless of the condition in the region.
  Therefore, I created to the diagnosis techniques for promote regional activities, grasp the actual conditions of region, and notes in organization management.

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  Our objective was to make a additional suggestion in making the municipal plan for preventing global warming with green Strategies. By reviewing representative existing 41 plans, we found that various types of measures related to greens have been prescribed. The results of our questionnaire survey suggested that municipalities tended to prescribe suitable measures for their regional characteristics. However, most municipalities have not formulated their plan, especially in the important area for carbon sink. National policy strategies that account for this trend of municipal plan are needed.

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  Consensus building in forest management is the most difficult concern in the context of globalization and post-productivism. In order to highlight the locality-specific meaning of forest, the present study investigated how local residents in forestry regions understand and construct their forest in their surroundings. Case studies were conducted in Northern Schwarzwald in Germany and Kawakami village in Japan by using semi-structured interviews and Landscape Image Sketching Techniques. The results showed that the forests are differently integrated into the social change in both regions. The research findings suggest that local landscape perception from local residents' point of view must be taken into consideration for a global discussion about participatory forest management.

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  In the region of farming and mountainous villages where depopulations are proceeding, not negligible number of them has the enough capability to proceed regional development although voluntary activities by inhabitants become important. In this research, we structured the cooperation system between outsider and inhabitants, in order to discuss the condition setting of regional development which outsider joins. The research case is “Kamiechigo Yamazato Fan Club” in Joetsu city, Niigata prefecture. As a result, in this case, the following was clarified. At each step of the framework of business project, (1) inhabitants and outsider have the proper role-sharing structure, in which both of actors can demonstrate their own abilities each other, (2) outsider make consideration to inhabitants to keep relationship with them.

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  Water-wheels are agricultural water-use facilities that are an integral part of irrigation culture and such facilities must now be conserved. In this study we conducted an evaluation of the preferences of non-farmers for water wheels. Non-farmers evaluated water wheels on the basis of ‘regionality’, ‘functionality’ and a good ‘sound environment’ with greater preference for water wheels than met these characteristics. In the future, the influence of the evaluation-structure gained from this study on non-farmer's sense of participation for preservation of water wheels needs to be considered.

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  When a government works on people to participate in the community development, their responses is different often. So there are some factors that determine the responses in their community. The aim of this study is to clear these factors by using the results of survey in Kamikawa town, Hyogo prefecture. In Kamikawa town, there is a project named “Community Salon Project” that is aimed at making Salon where varied generations cooperate to resolve their concerns. As a result of this study, we indicate that “Social Capital” is one of the factors which provide community's response.

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  It is supposed that biomass-resources utilization is led to agriculture and rural promotion, and 138 municipalities have released the biomass town design now in March, 2008. However, since the kind of biomass, quantity, society and economical property change with regions, a construction of the biomass-resources utilization system suitable for these special features is required for them. Then, authors developed the supportive tool (Integrated Assessment Model for Biomass Utilization) for a systems configuration. And as a first stage which devises the validation index for a construction of a biomass-resources utilization system, authors. applied the model for 38 municipalities which released the Biomass Town Design, and clarified the variation of the economic income, the environmental impact, and the environmental impact reduction.

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  The purpose of this study is to clarify the incentive to quality management in regional agricultural Products. The analysis is mainly based on conjoint analysis using the data obtained from soybean Producer's questionnaire. To questionnaire, we ask about the quality management for regional agricultural Products conducted in Turuoka city on December 2007. In result, we propose that using contest in quality is important to manage quality and organization effciently.

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  The paper is tried to make a suspect of movement that how to reduce and change the purpose at the productive green land with succession. The suspect of farm movement is analyzed by real movement data of the urban farmlands. As a result of the analysis, it is difficult to continue a small scale farmland at near of the urban area. The results hope for measures to the productive green land that don't use inheritance tax grace. This paper's meaning is a pioneer that to suspect of movement of urban farmland by succession.

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  A biota conservation as one of agricultural multifunctionality has to assure agricultural sustainability. We attempted to evaluate biota conservation function as case by winter flooding paddy fields (wfpf) Tajiri-Shinpo, Miyagi prefecture. Considering the survey data, white-fronted gooses did not use wfrf in the winter-irrigation period. On the other hand, fishes' habitats have been improved by expansion of the waters. Moreover, the rice field vegetation in irrigation period were common paddy weed community and then weeds caused rice yield decrease. As a result, we suggested a framework to balance a biota conservation with productivity in sustainable.

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  At the period of high economic growth after the war, in the suburban farm village area of the big city, large-scale site planning for housing and small change of use of agricultural land developed. As a result, rural-urban area has appeared. But, recently, this area is planned as a new city area surrounded by nature. In this paper, intend for Tsukuba, we analyzed the Inhabitant exchange activities from a viewpoint of “Place” and “exchange” peculiarities. And we claritied the place peculiarities of exchange activities in Urban-Rural area and abstracted some problems of today in this area.

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  Many of alien plant species effect on the functions of irrigation and drainage facilities, its maintenance, and ecosystem around these facilities. We developed a new method for impact assessment of alien plant species around the facilities in Japan. The method was composed to evaluate three items; distribution pattem, physiological or ecological characteristic, and adaptability to environment in the facilities. Each item was judged based on existing knowledge or field survey data. We applied this method to 50 major species. As the result, species which was reported as harmful had high score of impact, especially Altemanthera philoxeroides. Therefore it was suggested that this method could be used for impact assessment of alien plant species around the facilities.

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