I summarized our current evaluation of Asian waters using ecologically or biologically significant areas (EBSA) criteria systematically. I also reviewed recent review and practice about marine ecosystem services (ES). Farther researches on marine and coastal ESs are needed to contribute IPBES and sustainable future.

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In this research, hand washing behavior in rural and urban Cambodia was studied as an important hygiene practice. This study described the results of the removal efficiency of hand contamination by using various washing agents. Surveys were carried out on types of washing materials in possession and usage, reasons of hand washing, monthly expenditures per person. It was concluded that inhabitants in the rural area were not able to use appropriate hand washing agents such liquid soap and solid soap under their restricted economic situation.

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This study aims to evaluate the agricultural reliance on insect pollination in Japan. Pollination services, especially bees, are vital ecosystem services for agricultural productivity, so recent declines in pollinators triggered the circulation of monetary valuation of pollination services. We measured the welfare loss in each crop category taking into account the response of the consumers, and we found that the contribution of insect pollination to the production of apples, melons, and Japanese pears, which were the top three crops, were 98.5 billion, 48.9 billion, and 35.8 billion JPY, respectively.

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人間生活に与える気候変動の影響は避けがたく，とくに農業への影響は顕著である。ほとんどの国民が農業に従事しているインドネシアでは，多くの農家が気候変動の影響を感じ始めている。そこで，現在と過去における害虫による被害，水の充足，収穫被害の頻度に関する認識について，農家にインタビュー調査を実施し，集計したデータを統計分析した。その結果，雨季の初めの降雨がしばしば不安定であるため，農家は第１作目の作付け時期を遅らせており，そのため，第２作目の途中から乾季となり収穫が不安定になっていることが示された。本研究はこうした結果を踏まえて，農家が水不足の懸念なく雨季の初めから第一作目を開始できるよう圃場内に小規模貯水池を建造することを提案し，このような小規模貯水池は，収穫不良の原因となる雑草や害虫が発生しないよう水田内を湛水状態に維持するための用水を供給することもできる点を指摘した。

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This study aims to clarify an actual situations of community participation into community development (CD) activities and to divide participation motivation into religious piety and sects, using sense of solidarity as a performance indicator. The case studied was a community where Christians and Tao-people lived. The CD leader was a pastor. The study analyzed residents' lifestyle and the degree of sense of solidarity and revealed that an infl uence factor to participation was not religious' deference but lifestyles' deference generated by religious groups' character. In addition, results showed that sense of solidarity is made over residents' traditional lifestyle of China Relationalism and can improve community cohesiveness.

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This study evaluates the impact of special agricultural zones for farmland leases on regional agriculture using the difference-indifferences method with propensity score matching. The special agricultural zones were introduced in 2002 to allow nonagricultural business organizations to enter agricultural production with an aim to alleviate the increasing abandonment of cultivated lands and boost the number of farm households. The results show that the entry of nonagricultural business organizations has statistically significant effects on altering the recent trend in abandoned cultivated lands and the number of farm households at the municipal level.

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In “Disappearing Localities”, Masuda raised an alarm that 523 local municipalities in Japan are most likely to disappear by 2040 due to the declining population. However, the study seemingly overlooked the phenomenon of reverse migration to rural areas. This process, known as “dis-urbanization”, has recently been widely discussed, but barely researched from a viewpoint of lifestyle migration. This study attempted to identify the motives and factors affecting migration to two neighboring towns of Hokkaido, Kiyosato and Koshimizu, both of which were listed under the 523 local municipalities highly likely to disappear.

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This study aims to elucidate the development of the use of rice as feed. It estimates a production promotion policy for using rice as feed in terms of political demand in Japan. The main results are as follows. First, the supply and demand structure for Japanese rice has a peculiar character in the Asian region. Second, a system of rice defines the use of rice as feed in terms of political demand. These results indicate that it is necessary for states to contribute toward rice used as feed according to the reorganization of the entire food system of rice.

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This research aims to explore the guiding principles and characteristics of farm establishment under the Internal Colonization Policy. It primarily analyses the Schleswig-Holstein Agricultural Bank's achievement reports; the Bank is a public colonisation venture (gemeinnützige Siedlungsunternehmungen) that was started under this policy in Weimar Republic Germany.
Previous research on the Internal Colonization Policy has primarily focused on comprehensive systems, such as statistics and legislation, leading to policy implementation; however, the public colonisation ventures implemented by the policy have not been sufficiently examined. This paper discusses previously unexplored characteristics of farm establishment under the Internal Colonization Policy by examining several distribution maps that show the result of farm establishment in the region.

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