We analyzed transition of human impacts in rural area including various types of agricultural land-use.Land-use and land-cover changes were identified using aerial photographs from 1947, 1974 and 2000. We clarified land management practices at each land-covers by interview with local residents. As a result, in 1947, annual farm work hours per 10a on paddy fields, upland fields and woodland exceed ten hours. Human impacts have been covered over the whole area. In 2000, land management on woodland and unconsolidated Yatsu paddy fields was abandoned, but intensive land management was continued at seedling fields and orchard.

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In this research, the authors analyzed Landcover change for recent 19 years in the Amur river basin using the analysis technique of the satellite data (NOAA/AVHRR PAL dataset) which Kondoh (2004) proposed. Because it is necessary to evaluate objectively how agricultural activity affects natural environment in Amur river basin. Four parameters (∑NDVI NDVImax NDVIstd TRJ) are adopted that reflect surface conditions, and examined their linear trends from 1982 to 2000.As a result, the signal of Landcover change appeared in 5 areas. Especially, in Heilongjiang, the land cover change by agricultural activity was able to be caught from this analysis.

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In this study, we take the forming process and conservation of landscape in Kisakata that is recognized the value of histrical and geography as an object of study.
On this study, we aim to clarify the two points of the following.
First, We clarify the forming process of landscape in Kisakata from the Edo era to the present day.
Second, We clarify the landscape managements system of the present and the subjects to conserve the landscape of Kisakata.

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The purpose of this study is to grasp and analyze inhabitants' consciousness toward environment-conscious activities for an irrigation pond in a suburban area to promote these activities. We applied a social psychology model to analyze their consciousness. The conclusion is as follows. There are some problems to form behavior intension and promote these activities; 1)increasing the interest in this irrigation pond, 2)improving the subjective Benefit/Cost ratio, etc... Considering these results, we propose two measures for promotion of environment-conscious activities.

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This paper aims to verify how for relation of local residents in the School Biotope Activity. In this research, four elementary schools with school biotope are selected in Ogaki City, Gifu Prefecture. The results are as follows.
1. Making the local residents participate in the activity at the early stage.
2. Preparing a new activity that becomes the opportunity of the activity activation.
3. Promoting short time events and various use in school biotope.

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This study aims to identify characteristics of new agro-activities emerging in urban fringe areas practiced by urban residents. Six innovative practices conducted in Kokubunji-city, Tokyo, have been taken as the case studies. By interviewing 43 participants in the six practices, the followings were identified. (a) By comparing the six practices with recreational gardening and with professional farming the six have been identified to maintain intermediate characteristics between the two, while collaborations between urban residents and farmers were identified as the inherent characteristic. (b) By conducting statistical analyses the six practices were categorized into three groups, and (c) The key underlying motivation of urban residents to practice agro-activities was identified as to maintain their substantial contribution to the society.

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Based on the questionnaire survey on Paddy Field Schools, the report firstly made clear the standard feature of their structure as a group. Then it found out the following characteristics of their structure, "the limitation of scale", "the continuity of activities", "the training of future leaders", and "the collaboration of farmers and non-farmers". The report also categorized their activities into three types; "the balanced type", "the food and agriculture type", and "the nature and environment type". There are two basic activities of Paddy Field Schools; "food and agriculture" and "nature and the environment". In rural areas, the above mentioned three types of activities based on the two basic activities coexist, which is considered to bring the expansion of Paddy Field Schools.

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The aim of this study is the evaluation of potential Habitat for butterflies by using Rural Landscape Information System (RuLIS). RuLIS developed for regional survey by the Institute for Agro-Environmental Science (NIAES) was built to collect ecological data efficiently because of the conservation of biodiversity in rural landscape area. Using regression model derived from land cover data by RuLIS and butterflies' distribution field data, we predict potential habitat reduction. Analytical results suggested that the potential Habitat for butterflies in Tone river basin had decreased by 10% compared with 20 years ago.

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In this study, we clarified the horizontal migration ability of the forest dependant salamander Hynobius tokyoensis into the terrace paddy field as non forest landscape for the breeding period. The breeding of 140-400 individuals was recorded at 3 years from 2004 through 2006 in the target paddies called "Oyama-Senmaida", Boso-hills. According to the result that calculated the distance from surrounding forest, the average of moved distance for the salamander was 50m or more, and the value of 90% was from 80 to 100m. We considered the range of connective space between paddy field and forests as the Biotopverbund.

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On September 24th in 2005, the Release of white storks (ciconiaboyciana) has started in Toyooka, Hyogo Prefecture. Generally, farmers seem to be opposed to the Release, because there's problem caused by white storks to rice seedling in the old-time. But in questionnaire survey, farmers don't have negative position against the Release. Of course, many farmers are worrying about and reserve judgment of the Release. But the same time white storks are viewed as original birds in Toyooka and it's related to farmers'experience (ex: the old-time sighting). More study about relationship between farmers and white storks will be needed in the future.

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Considering the future improvement of resident-circumstance in rural area, especially under populated area, sport-network services, which community-residents in all generation enjoy, communicate easily and lifelong-learning through a variety of sports, may be a means for community planning.
The present research and analysis on the sport-network services in depopulated rural areas where face to severe problems of Aging Society with a Declining Birthrate, intends to study on the effectiveness and potentiality of such sport-network services for rural community improvement.

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We analyze the process of community independence building and the factors affecting the process by participatory observation. The process can be divided in the following stages, 1) recognizing present situation of the community, 2) understanding what the problems are, 3) preparing to participate in activities for solving the problems, 4) doing practice passively, 5) doing practice spontaneously. And the factors affecting the practical stage are, 1) member's composition, 2) characters of activities, 3) good cooperation among the participants.

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The purpose of paper is to clear effective methods of support for community development by municipalities in the case of Kuzumaki Town. It results that 1) combination of reorganization of communities and monetary support is effective because it enhances resident's participation and revitalizes community activities, 2) but monetary support is not always effective for small communities of less population and communities of leader's shortage because they cannot use the money effectively for their activities.

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In this research, the feature of the allotment gardens established under the Special Structural Reform Zones was clarified, and the view in the future was considered. The feature of the allotment garden is chiefly summarized to the following four points.
1)Existing various establishment bodies, 2)Established by the mediation of the city or town, 3)No difference with another general allotment garden from the basic condition, 4)Reflected by the intention of the establishment body
It was pointed out to be able to expect the establishment of the allotment garden with the feature by various establishment body under deregulation.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effect on the national park management that non profit organization brings for the management of Daisetsuzan National Parks in the case of Daisetsuzan Nature School.
Results are as follows: 1)After the participation of the Daisetsuzan Natural School diversification of activity and completeness of the user management with that becoming the effect, it appeared.2)It is caused by philosophy and zeal of its stuffs of the Daisetsuzan Natural School.

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The purpose of this study is to aim at ideal way of network system between rural tourism for health recuperation and comprehensive care service is clarified. A coordinated system is examined according to service subject of green tourism, eco-tourism, health tourism and comprehensive care. Results are as follows:
1)In the network system between rural tourism seen in view of health recuperation and comprehensive care service, it is important that supply-demand situation of service of urban and rural and systematization of healthy recuperation service;
2)System-making for healthy recuperation menu execution that uses existing program is needed in the rural area;
3)The cooperation between the hospital located in urban and the program subject is requested for the traveler's medical examination.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the actual condition of the farm inn from an administrative aspect and spatial aspect in Ajimu Town, Usa City. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The standard that restricts the acceptance number of persons is necessary. 2) The review of the standard of the agriculture stay is demanded. 3) The Coordination with the farmhouse, application of the public facilities, and cultivating of the instructor should be being promoted, to do agriculture experience from now on, along with the aging of the farm inn.

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To expand the knowledge of Tsunagi Spa revitalization, this study aims to find out the characteristics of visitor at Tsunagi Spa and the recognition of other tourist resort around there. The results are as follows. 1) Differences of the number of visitor by the residence are not seen. 2) Many visitors from the prefecture are repeaters. On the other hand, many visitors outside the prefecture are first trip. 3) Visitor's behavioral pattern is classified into two (the round trip type and the wandering type). 4) The person with a high visit hope has given the quality of the spa as a visit reason. 5) The acknowledgment to tourist resort of the Morioka city is low and the visitor tends to go to a famous tourist resort in the distance.

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In recent years, irrigation ponds which avoided maintenance for less irrigation demand increased. Hydrophytes, which grow in irrigation ponds, are affected by habitual maintenance, such as water release with water utilization. In this study, we grasped habitual maintenance of small irrigation ponds for hydrophytes conservation in Nakatado region of Kagawa Prefecture by a questionnaire. It was indicated that presence of hydrophytes in irrigation ponds was influenced by maintenance of pond, and many pond managers had a good impression for these plants.

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This research identifies irrigation pond managers' awareness of the significance of conserving the biodiversity in irrigation ponds in the East-Harima area, Hyogo Prefecture. The main findings of the study show that the ratio of all the irrigation pond managers in the area who had an interest in conserving the biodiversity in 2001 is 10.9%. In addition, irrigation pond managers who are interested in conserving the biodiversity have generally 1) awareness of loss of biodiversity in irrigation ponds, 2) interest in collaboration with urban residents and 3) experience in contact with bird and nature watchers at irrigation ponds.

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In this paper, irrigation pond management in Inami-town, Hyogo prefecture as a case, we examined possession tendency of the knowledge which relates to local resources management and showed its succession problem. The result of investigation, it became clear that tacit knowledge plays an integral role in irrigation pond management. But, there is an uneven distribution in possession tendency of tacit knowledge. In addition, it is feared that the mechanism of knowledge succession is lost, there is a possibility the knowledge which relates to local resource management not being succeeded.

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This paper analyzed actual condition and long-time transition of sphere in the area. The object area selected Iwate Prefecture, and it used statistical data for the investigation. The extraction of the sphere was carried out using commutation and attending school, and buying behavior indices. And, 2 kinds of reference value were used. As the result, increase of the flow and diversification of the activity base became clear. And, it was possible to observe the characteristic transition in individual area. In the background, the stable and structural sphere which traces the calm transition seems to be latent.

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This study examined the convenience of public transportation system, the burden of pick-up at Kashida area in Takatsuki-city. We showed that it was hard to satisfy traffic demand of the people. Moreover we proposed innovating community taxi as a solution, and supposed the instance of service-system, made a trial calculation of its profit and cost performance. Finally, it is proved that community taxi has high possibility of problem solving.

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It is the most important for promoting the use of the biomass to built the circulatory system of resource use which is composed of a chain of processes (collection of materials, manufactured goods).The object of this paper is to analyze the consciousness of the persons concerned. A case area of study is Motegi-machi,Tochigi Prefecture, where is a advanced area concerning the use of the biomass.

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We have investigated the way of building of local involvement programmes through the partnership model of Groundwork activities in a case of Kiyozumi green space development project in Mishima city. We have recognised the importance of intermediary NPO's function and role in the process of local involvement through Groundwork activities. In addition, it is essential to plan a variety of programme which is based on the characteristics of each local community and these programmes lead to local communities empowerment.

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This research aims at clarifying evaluation by the local residents and a direction about the "the hometown project for improving the local roads" which Yanai city undertook. An investigation with a questionnaire and a listening has been conducted to the participants and administration. As a result, the evaluation of this project has been made clear. For example, the degree of the improvement of the roads is high, and it was turned out that the attachment to a road and the exchange among the local resident's have deepened. On the other hand, various problems, such as the offer of insurance, have been made clear.

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Purpose of this study is to clarify the problems in establishment of new river management systems based on the partnership of river authorities, local communities and other local bodies in the case of Ushirogawa Project. The conclusions are: 1) 1)In the first step, river authorities and NPO's have to make programs to coordinate different bodies having interests in river environment. 2)After establishing management system, members should always discuss their roles for river management and do practice with partnership

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We analyzed the possibility of construction by community in participatory park re-maintenance. The results are: 1)The most possible method of construction by community is participation of community to construction that the supplier who took an order performs. It is necessary for conference and cooperation by parties concerned. Other methods of construction by community are as follows: 1)A construction contract by competitive bidding.2) Negociated contract. 3) Participation of community in construction of direct management of administration. 4) Duties trust to a coordinator. But they have problems.

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Recently, the society is becoming interested in biomass use. Nevertheless, inhabitant's cooperation is essential. This paper contains a conscious investigation for biomass and clarifies the inhabitant's knowledge about biomass. The Methodology used in this analysis was CVM and was made an evaluation of biomass use to the residents. This paper is based on questionnaires to Myoko citizens of Niigata Prefecture. According to the questionnaires results, biomass was recognized for 74% of the inhabitants. However, only 15% (of this 74%) have knowledge about biomass use. As a result of CVM, valuation of biomass use is about 153 million yen.

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The ultimate goal of this paper is the establishment of a sustainable local food movement in Japan. In order to achieve this goal, we evaluated the causal structure of consumers' preference to "local foods". A mail survey in the Tokyo metropolitan area was used to collect the data. The results show that consumers' knowledge of Chisan-Chisyou is limited, but they do tend to usually buy local foods. Consumers' preferences for local foods are affected by "safety", "relationship with community" and "interest in agriculture". But, in this model, it can't show the influence of consumers' evaluation at shops, such as brand, freshness and in season or not.

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The aim of this study is to suggest subjects and direction for sustainable rural village development of Korea. Sustainability assessment system which consists 14 goals and 20 indicators for sustainable rural village was developed using fuzzy logic. And two villages representing typical rural villages of Korea were selected, and were assessed using sustainability assessment system. As the results, subjects and direction for sustainable rural village development of Korea; conservation of rural landscape and ecology, promotion of environmental friendly agricultural practice and stabilization of population composition and economy were suggested.

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The effect and problems of an upland irrigation project on the farming patterns of settlements were investigated based on the questionnaire surveys and agricultural census data in the Nansatsu district. The farming patterns, which are categorized as three main crops of vegetables, manufacturing sweet potatoes and tea, are significantly affected by the natural conditions such as the terrains or the type of soils. The crops of vegetables and tea having high effect of the project have been preferred year by year, while the crops of the potatoes having low effect still continue to exist because of traditional crops in this district.

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This paper aims to make clear that the geographical tendency of population decrease in mountainous regions in Shimane Prefecture in recent years. Based on the data about small community population, road network and municipal offices, GIS (Geographic Information System) analysis indicates more peripheral parts of the regions show greater decrease of population and households as well as higher aged population rates. In order to adapt to these transition of regional population structure, it is necessary to build new sustainable management system in which GIS is considered to be a very promising planning tool.

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Recently, Japan plunges into the aging society with a declining birth rate. Thus, it is supposed that demands of urban land use's going to be decreased. But, development pressure is still strong in urbanizing area. Then those lands would be arbitrarily sold by farmers. Nowadays, urbanization promoting farmland is uncertain factors in the city planning. In this paper, we cleared farmer's intention of the future farm land use, factors that influence proper city construction by questionnaire and hearing survey. Based on those surveys, we found the reasons influencing those factors. Finally, we suggested that the effective measures and policies for conservation urban farmland properly.

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This paper studied out how to use changing after non-cultivated land in suburban area. Consequently, as for non-cultivated land, cultivation was resumed by lending the land to other farmers and by repair of their agricultural machines. However, many farmlands were owned as non-cultivated land because the farmers who owned the land refused to lend the land to others.

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This research was conducted for the purpose of determining factors and indicators that influence changes in land utilization, in terms of information necessary to the formulation of land utilization plans. As a result, for factors influencing changes in land utilization, the indicators that were extracted relating to transformation of land utilization included; percentage of agricultural and forest land, population, population accumulation, percentage of paddy field land readjustment, changes in gross number of farmers, percentage of the farmer population that is aging, distance from railway stations and highways, distance from urbanizing zones, distance from large-scale retailers, and distance from large-scale factories.

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It has been considered that making a land use plan is important since 1970 year. Each municipality has made various land use plans based on the laws. Recently making a plan by ordinance is considered as important, and some municipalities correspond to the circumstances state of districts and inhabitants. This paper clarifies that effectiveness of making a plan by the ordinances differs from planning system. From this point, we have been studied a case study between Kobe city and Hitaka town, and pointed out the effectiveness of Conflict Model.

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The purpose of this paper is to show the key of human relation which interests them in their hometown and makes them participate in the community. It is cleared that their interests has 4 stages, starting from interests just in daily contents such as environment/safety/relative, to great interests in culture or social relation such as festival/community organization/ keeping company with neighborhood. The greatness of their interests doesn't depend on their attribute. For improving their interests and participation, it is important to have the various human relations centering their classmates of school days.

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Recently, some young people in rural area actively participate in their community and liven it up. Thus it is needed that they find the attractiveness of their own living through experience. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of experience in youth, for raising the value of community. We examine their recognition of which they want to succeed in the future, and grasp its value. In addition, the relation between value and experience is cleared.
In conclusion, it is important to experience the community activities in youth and to play roles of community management corresponding their life stages.

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This paper researched about how people come to their rural home village, a case study of a Kitakanto rural village. In the case study area, depopulation, depopulation of farm household, increase of old age ratio, and dilapidation of farmland has been going on. But most of people live in near their home village. They often come to his home village. Some of them assist farming there. They are able to take important part in the management of their rural home village.

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The purpose of this study is to make clear whether the increase in Non-Resident-Farmland-Owner affects the management of Land Improvement Facilities. Based on the survey in 2004, the author makes logit-analysis and finds that the NRFO reside within the metropolitan area has tendency to abandon management. It also proved that, even though the Debusoku-kin is effective to secure the management, it works only if NRFO resides relatively close to its farm. Considering the fact that NRFO will abruptly increase due to the fast aging of Japanese farmers, there is a danger that management level of LIF will rapidly decline.

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The local resource conservation program for rural areas was currently established and is going to start from the fiscal year of 2007. In this research, we analyzed the effectiveness of the labor contribution by the non-farmers to the sustainable agricultural development applying the ASMAP (Agent-based Simulation Model for Agricultural Planning). The study area we chose is the Kitano district, Takashu town, in Hokkaido.
As the result, we made clear that the cooperation between the farmers and non-farmers must be effective on the farm land management in part, and that a kind of assistance by the local government will be indispensable to keep the agricultural income of the farmers at higher level.

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The former Higashi-Shirakawa village formed a public agricultural corporation, 'Shinseiki Kobou', based on the fund from direct payments support policy for hilly and mountainous areas in order to prevent farmland abandonment due to ageing farm households. As the result, it plays an important role to maintain terraced paddy fields in mountainous areas. However, the corporation remains some significant tasks; such as improving profitability from farming support service and retaining the number of operators.

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The aim of this study is to clarify characteristics of community agreements by classifying the agreements according to scale of the agreements and topographical location of farmlands from the aspect of sustaining farmland management for a direct payment measure for hilly and mountainous areas in Japan. As conclusions, it was clarified that larger-scale agreements which have large farm plots can sustain farmland management by corporative management activities or commitment of farmland management to agricultural production organization, on the other hand, small-scale agreements confront difficulty in maintaining farmland management owing to shortage of large farm plots and highly-motivated farmers.

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In this research, the geometric model of terraced paddy field which has the curvilinear element along the geographical feature is proposed, comparative evaluation with the conventional land readjustment was carried out, and it was analyzed about the subject as a new land readjustment technique. For characteristics of the group where evaluation of the new land readjustment technique which has the curvilinear element was high from results of the AHP evaluation test, they regarded "a good point of a scene" as an important factor and regarded "a good point of nature" and "a good point of alliance" as an important evaluation factor of a scene.

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In many cases, each function of a irrigation system is discussed individually heretofore. However, if we changed parameters of the works position and water velocity, not only irrigation usage using but also other functions were changed. Therefore, it becomes importance to evaluate each function simultaneously. So in this research , at first We make the GIS database of irrigation canal system, secondary make diagnonise figure to recognise qualitive charactor ,thirdly make the evaluation of the qualitative analysis of each function This evaluation methods is effective to decide system function including regional residents.

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The New Village Construction Program is the hottest keyword in China's rural development from 2005 onwards. In this paper, the authors introduced this New Program and showed its characteristics. We found that the rural development policy can contribute little to correction of the rural-urban disparity. Because the rural-urban integration policy is backing the New Program up, we can expect some effect on cancellation of the disparity. Finally we pointed out some difficulties lying ahead of the New Program.

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In this study, Utambalila village in Mbozi district of Tanzania is chosen as a study area. In Mbozi district, about 98% of people rely on fuel wood as energy source and therefore proper forest management is needed for sustainable energy supply. The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of charcoal making on land-use change, and to investigate the charcoal production system, a relation between charcoal production and its stake holders. These facts became clear that after 1990, forest degradation caused by charcoal making was spread in this area and this situation has been related with not only local people but also government staff, and mostly people from other area. In this village, the forest management should be conducted with all stake holders including local people, charcoal buyer, charcoal maker and a government staff.

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