In this paper we evaluate profitability of the Present and Plan scenario on swine waste water treatment in suburban agricultural area by calculating cost and income. Present is composed discharging processed swine waste water into river and farming with chemical fertilizer application, while, in Plan, electricity and heat produced by methane fermentation and cogeneration system. The fermentation residue, which is digested slurry, also utilize as liquid fertilizer. From trial calculation, economic merit of local production for local consumption has become apparent as cost paid to local industry account for 44% in Plan against 7% in Present.

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We studied the management of 4 farmer's restaurants in Tohoku area and their economic effects on their region. As the result, 3 farmer's restaurants are managing in sound condition, but 1 farmer's restaurant has some deficit. And it was shown that farmer's restaurant lead to some economic effects on their region. That is; farmer's restaurants attract 50-90% customers from outside the region. By efforts to hire staffs and to purchase agricultural products from inside the region, 65-90% of sales of farmer's restaurant are paid inside the region.

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This study analyze the structure of "local brand of sake" created by cooperating Japanese Sake brewery and hilly and mountainous area through practical use of brewer's rice and springwater in Murakami City, Niigata, for the purpose of clarifying the structure of “Collaboration between Agriculture, Commerce and Industry”. It is shown that the brewery and hilly and mountainous area share industrial fields by integrated industrialization. In addition, it is suggested that the local industry can heighten the added value and help for stably supply of resources themselves, by utilizing rural resources positively.

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The objective of this study was to reveal people's choice factors of drinking water sources from the viewpoint of its taste and safety. Temple well and pond that were traditional sources had high risk of diarrhea and pump wells that the state government built had low risk of it, but many people used temple well and pond for drinking. This is mainly because people didn't have proper knowledge about the risk of diarrhea by using Temple well and pond water and chose it by its taste. Without using iron pipe for well casing is very important to encourage people to use pumps whose risks of diarrhea are low.

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【背景と課題】
サハラ以南アフリカ地域では,1980年代以降構造調整政策（SAP）が導入され,タンザニアにおいても同様に経済危機への対応および貧困削減のため経済自由化が進められた。日本政府は,コメ増産を通じた貧困削減と経済成長を目指したキリマンジャロ州ローアモシ灌漑地区（LMIS）計画を進め,1987年には圃場整備を伴う用排水分離型の近代的灌漑施設を完成した。その後も技術協力を通じて「近代的」稲作技術の導入を図った。LMIS計画は国家事業であったが,SAP導入により,地方政府と農民の管理のもとで運営されることとなった。
タンザニアの労働者の約50％は女性であり,女性労働者の84％は農業従事者である。女性が土地所有もしくは慣習権を保有している割合は,全農家の20.8％であるが,女性の所有面積に関しては統計が存在しない。
タンザニアでは土地は国家が所有するが,経済の自由化に伴い土地売買が認められるようになり,慣習的保有権も同時に存在する。LMISにおいて,水利権は原則的に土地所有権に付随している。さらに,慣習的水利権が併存しているために,上流と下流の間で水配分の不均衡が生じている。女性農民は多くの農作業および灌漑施設補修作業に従事しているものの,土地所有権を有しないため,灌漑組織のメンバーになることができない。また,伝統的なジェンダー規範により,女性が水管理や配分に関する意思決定過程に参加することは難しく,水争いが激化すると水を入手するのが困難な状況になる。
【目的と手法】
本稿の目的は,近代的灌漑稲作の導入に伴う土地の再配分を検証し,圃場の所有および水配分への影響をジェンダー視点から明らかにすることである。土地所有および水利権に見られるジェンダー格差の要因を分析し,より公正な土地所有および水利権のあり方を明らかにしたい。調査手法は,既往研究レビュー,2010年7月および2011年11月に実施した面談調査,モシ県LMIS事務所から収集した土地登録簿（2004～2010年）をコンピューター入力した統計処理である。本稿は,以下の3つの論点から構成されている。1）ローアモシ灌漑地区開発の農業近代化の影響,2）土地再配分の実施とその水利権の変化,3)土地再配分と水利権におけるジェンダー格差,そして結びである。
【分析結果】
LMISは,約1,100haの灌漑稲作圃場と,1,200haの畑作地区から構成される。主に2つの水源があり,4村（5地区）から成る。1耕区は0.3haで,所有面積により畦区に分割される。女性農民が所有する圃場面積の割合は地区により異なるが,平均16.8％である（表１）。LMIS開始前に稲作をしていたのは一部の村のみである（表２）。
事業後は水争いにより女性農民が灌漑用水にアクセスすることが困難になった。その要因を分析するため,1987年当時に遡り土地再配分を検証した。土地再配分は,当時キリマンジャロ州灌漑事務所が管轄しており,土地所有形態や保有面積の測量などが十分に調査されないまま圃場が再配分された。その結果,1）多くの土地を失い損失が補償されない課題,2）灌漑地区対象外の地区の水利権の主張,3）上流域における独占的な慣習的水利権の継続,4）不在地主の存続による灌漑組織運営の困難,5）実質的には耕作者の大多数を占めるにもかかわらず慣習的に土地所有から排除されてきた女性農民の水へのアクセスの問題,などが残存し水利権争いの継続の要因にもなっていることが明らかになった。
さらに,土地登録簿を分析した結果,LMIS内の土地所有者は1,845名存在することが判明した（表3）。女性は全土地所有者の21.1％を占めるが,土地所有面積は16.8％に過ぎない。また,女性の平均土地所有面積は男性より25％少ない。男性平均面積は6,014m²に対して女性は4,524m²である。さらに,3,000m²以下の小規模農民の割合は,男性42.3％,女性49.2％である。これらは,固有の慣習や伝統により女性の相続権や所有権が認められていないことが大きな要因であるが,稲作や代替的経済活動を通じた増収で新たに土地を購入する女性が出現していることも発見された。自助組織化を通じ土地を賃借し耕作する女性グループが形成され,貧困女性世帯における社会資本形成の萌芽も見られた。
【今後の課題】
1987年以降の土地所有面積や使用形態に関する変化については更なるデータが必要である。さらに,土地を所有しない賃耕者を含むジェンダー別の階層分化や生計戦略の多様化を明らかにし,より公正な土地再配分および水利権へのアクセスの過程を明らかにすることが課題である。

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This study captures different levels of solidarity of three rural communities in the Red River Delta, Vietnam, and describes how such gap has emerged with different agricultural production and management system of each community. Local agricultural system is the most important social interface for the housewives as the core agricultural labor force in the study areas, and the study illustrated that agricultural production and management systems with different degree of influence from “traditional” community caused different levels of solidarity.

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The purpose of my study is intended for citizens and Public officials in Minami-Bousou city, analyze the characteristics of intensions and awareness of Community Planning with Collaboration, search a task for social enterprises. The differences in Consciousness are investigated by cross-analysis of questionnaire-date in Collaboration Consciousness of citizens and Public officials. As a result, we found the following. 1) The citizens and Public official of 70% and more have anxieties for coordinators in social enterprises. 2) The citizens and Public official's understanding of Collaboration resources"area" "human""money"tend to have different attitude. 3) The citizen's intention of participation to conference with community planning occupies 80%.

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A rurban area tackles with the critical population decline and shortage of successors of regional industries by revitalization of community development made with urban cities. Nursery is an important regional industry that preserves rich urban green at many stages growing the green. This paper targets Fujisawa city and explores 1.the characteristics of the nursery from its history, 2.the reasons why the nursery needs the collaboration with community development, and 3.the new challenge and the problems occurred from the new collaboration. The communities need to play some roles, like advertisement or sales force, replenishing the problems of the present nursery.

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It is the research which clarifies validity in the community improvement of agricultural resources.
In the case of ‘the Tomatsu Issunmame festival’ in the Tomatsu Shrine in Amagasaki city, to grasp the implementation of the festival and to reveal of the factor of continuation of a community improvement, to reveal the role of agricultural resources.

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An availability of the Internet in rural area is now close to that in urban area in Japan. But generally, it is still considered that it's difficult for inhabitants in rural area, who are mostly elderly, to use the Internet. But communication via the Internet is very important for rural inhabitants to recognize what matters in their areas and how to solve it themselves, cooperating with various kinds of stakeholders. In this research, we identified the current condition of digital divide in 3 small regions in Kyoto prefecture and discussed what the causes of it are and how to improve such condition from now on.

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For construction of cooperative region, a mutual understanding between local government and residents is important. The object of this research is to confirm a commonality and complementarity relation of local public relations and municipality comprehensive action plan by using a text mining method. As a result, it was cleared that a public comment of local administrative chief were reflected as a part of future municipality comprehensive action plan. That is, the meaning of local public relations is not summarized information of municipality comprehensive action plan totally, but advance announcement of notable matters at the time.

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In this study, we drew a network structure between the existing organizations, using the method which converts 2-mode to 1-mode graph. In addition, we were able to visualize the network structure with multiple layers of existing organizations using hierarchical cluster analysis. The reality of network existing organizations involved in community improvement projects has not been disclosed so far. It will be able to get a step by the results of this research, and go to improve the network between the existing organizations.

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This study aims to clarify the relationship between the local conditions that enable the local development and the external supports. The external supports for the local development function effectively, only when they are utilized in the respect of the local situation. In the case of Satomi District, lacks of the local resident's initiative, shared vision and coordination are identified as the factors that inhibit the local development. These three are the necessary conditions that form the foundation for the local development and they need to be fulfilled before receiving the external supports to execute the activity.

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To show a formation process of continuing support system for Intermediate and Mountainous Area by the city dwellers, this study focuses on the volunteer activity, “Furusato Volunteer”, initiated by Kyoto Prefecture. Interview and questionnaire survey were employed. The process was separated into three stages. In the first stage, participants join the volunteer because of satisfaction of the activity. In the second stage, they join the activity largely because of human relationships in the area. In the third stage, the relationship makes them feel that they want to support the area more often and they make a volunteer organization by themselves.

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This study aims to grasp the characteristics and execution of human resource development project "Rural rejuvenation projection and Manpower training plan" in Taiwan. The project which is public policy to develop the rural community's resident to participate and concern their community problem, make future development's vision, action plan and finally complete their own rural rejuvenation plan. Finally three characteristics were clarified: 1)Lecture is not only indoor lecture but also visitation, workshop, negotiation technology, laboratory etc. 2)The lecture's teacher from designed abundant teacher data base 3)project is respect the resident's motivation and how to solve the real problem.

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This paper shows the implementation framework, determining factors and the land improvement districts' management relevant to maintenance activities of main irrigation canals through Groundwork methods. As a case study, we investigate the land improvement district which is performing the maintenance activities by involvement of multiple actors in two main irrigation canals. Our research revealed that the land improvement district, as an intermediary, utilized the Ground work methods. Characteristics of region, facilities and actors were taken into consideration to carry out the maintenance activities. These results suggest that such performance is effective with promoting the partnership among multiple actors.

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The purpose of this research is to clarify subject of consensus building process by inhabitant's self management construction for environment conservation. Results are as follows: 1) when environmental activity has already been performed, gradual consensus building is required. 2) when local activity is decline or two or more self-government association, enforcement process of plan reflecting inhabitant's consciousness change is necessary.

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The still-water side as regional environmental resource has various functions as irrigation water, habitat of living thing, and so on. Although most of still-water sides in rural area have been managed by human as irrigation reservoir, these areas have continued depopulation and aging. In this study, all still-water sides were extracted under different scale maps in Suzu City, Ishikawa Prefecture. In addition, we grasped management of still-water sides by questionnaire survey and considered the actual situation. In conclusion, sustainable management of still-water side including irrigation reservoir which have various functions, is required for official support.

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Recently, Yamamori who is the forest manager in Yoshino forestry has been declined functionally, but they continue still contributing to keep management state of forest. We classified Yamamori into 3 types: Extended type, Conventional type, Declining type. Because of the management practice which didn't restricted by the conventional custom in Yoshino forestry, only Extended type is able to get sustainability in forest management. In future, it is necessary to reconsider the conventional custom, and prepare the system to support Extended type.

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Rural resources should be coherently evaluated in the context of local community activity. This study intends to examine socio-economic effects of rural resources by GIS spatial analyses. Through a case study on Isazawa area of Nagai city Yamagata, we found that there is a strong spatial autocorrelation among rural resources and there is increase in population, reduction of the elderly ratio, etc. in the settelement which has many of the resources. Furthermore, the effects of the resources are efficiently utilized by spatial collaboration of old and new rural resources.

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Most of mountainous regions in Asian countries have seen penury and aging. It is serious problem in long time. As an example I would like to point out Ping-an village, Guangxi, China. They have been self-sufficient through the cultivation of rice terrace. Nowadays when the development of existing resources in less-favored rural areas is aimed, the rural landscape until now never considered as resource, may turn out to be the most valuable one. At the same time, the rice terraces becoming landscape areas by tourism industry in Ping-an village. Thus the observation of the process of change of the rural landscape into resource becomes possible.

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This study seeks to verify the difference of residents' vitality between communities engaged in countermeasures against agricultural damage by wildlife and the inactive ones.
Sixty-four communities with a total of 2,796 residents in Mie Prefecture were selected as the target of the research on the relation between community activities to chase-away of macaques and the vitality of the communities. The result found that there was a difference in resident's vitality between communities engaged in collective chase-away of macaques and inactive communities.
Similarly,there was a difference in resident's vitality between chase-away activity leaders and other residents.

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This study focuses on implementation system of wildlife management in six prefectures of Kinki region from the view point of governmental organizational structures. The roles and relationships of relevant departments and their subsidiary bodies were clarified through interview surveys to prefectural officials, which were then classified into three types. The performances and problems of the three types of implementation system of wildlife management were identified by the interview to municipal officials in charge of wildlife management. We identified that 1) three implementation systems showed different performances and problems in their operation and cooperation with municipalities, 2) cooperation among relevant departments and their subsidiary bodies with different authorities are of crucial importance to deal with wildlife management and also to provide support for municipalities and 3) liaison and adjustment between prefectures and municipalities are important for effective wildlife management.

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Farmers must manage paddy fields for maximum reduction in the water volume that remains after surface drainage. Using computer simulation, we compared two methods for accomplishing this purpose: moving the soil to reduce the altitude on the outlet side and creating an open-ditch drainage. We found that 1) lowering the outlet side reduced the remaining water volume, 2) creating an open-ditch drainage further reduced the water volume, and 3) the effects of these methods depended on the direction of surface roughness of the paddy field.

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15 kinds of pharmaceuticals were measured for 8 sampling points in the rural rivers. It was clarified that all of the sampling points was contaminated with various pharmaceuticals. Ultraviolet absorber, insect repellents, and anti-inflammatory analgesic antipyretic were detected in higher concentration in the all sampling points than in the urban river. Ketoprofen (anti-inflammatory analgesic antipyretic for mainly internal use) was estimated as the highest risk contaminants in the measured contaminants in this research for aquatic ecosystem. Ketoprofen was only detected in the river having many Gappei-shori johkasou. These results indicated the potential significance of measures to pharmaceuticals pollution in rural area.

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The authors developed a new system using specified low power radio station to monitor various data in irrigation and drainage facilities. The characteristic of this system is that the installation cost of apparatus is low, and communication cost is free of charge. In this paper, we applied this system to monitor and control water level in farm ponds or irrigation channels. In conclusion, we propose the importance of data monitoring because we can understand the actual behavior of irrigation and drainage facilities, and diagnose the hydraulic performance degradation by these data.

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Abandoned Farmland in the Less Favored Areas tend to be recognized as waste land with no rent provision, however it is potentially available for extensive land use. Through the investigation on a diversified dairy farm in Shimane Prefecture operating weed harvest on abandoned farmland and grazing livestock, marginal return on land for abandoned farmland is calculated to be about 30,000 yen/10a, which is relatively more productive than their domestically purchased roughage. Accumulating loss of 19 million yen over the first two years is considered to be conversion cost into new enterprises with extensive land-use.

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The purpose of this article is to examine the continuity of farming by corporations through leasing farmland, especially from the viewpoint of industry group. By analyzing the results of the questionnaire survey sent to Specific Corporations, it was found that corporations from food industry, construction industry and other industries could increase continuity of farming by improving different factors in each industry such as the number of workers, relationship with local people, supports from local governments. There is also possibility that non-profit industry enter into agriculture. Rather, the non-profit industry has the strong potential of contributing to the projects around regional farming system.

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In this study, the government-operated agriculture and rural development project in Hokkaido, Japan, has been examined based on the evaluation made by the viewpoint of beneficiary farmers of the project. The consideration for the future projects is also discussed. From the result of the questionnaire, it became clear that the beneficiary farmers are recognizing the effectiveness of the project, such as increase in income, increase in the yield, and quality improvement of the products. The farmers value the project for its low burden charge as well as its coupled correspondence between the measures and the policies. Farmers of paddy field farming and upland farming gave different results in the questionnaire. This difference seems to be a result of the disparity of the agricultural policy in both farming type.

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I offered the way to set commutation exchange zones and house removal exchange zones, in which there are relatively high two-way commuter flow ratios or two-way house mover flow ratios between every two municipalities in the same zone, with applied cluster analysis. I applied the way in order to set the two kinds of zones for Tottori prefecture. There is a tendency that commutation exchange zones are formed based on the county-level livelihood zone and along main roads or train lines, and area of house removal exchange zones is narrower than that of commutation exchange zones. I presented also the way to examine the reorganization of rural activities based on the overlap of those zones under the progress of decrease of population.

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This study focuses on a consciousness of an inhabitant after an abandoning local railway. In an inconvenience area of a public transport, many peoples have own car. And they do not use a public transport. Then, a public transport in this area is abandoned. Inhabitants of this area are disappointed for an area. As a result of this study, it was found that a consciousness of an inhabitant was different from a frequency to use of a public transport instead of an abandoned railway. And a person with a little use of a transport had negative consciousness.

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We investigated the effects of the Great East Japan Earthquake on stay-type allotment gardens (kleingarten, KG) and their management entity's response to these effects in case of Fudouson and Hippo KG in Marumori Town, Miyagi Prefecture. As the results, 1) Immediately following the earthquake, management entities ascertained the safety of their users and carried out rescue operations in response to victims on their own accord. 2) After the earthquake, a portion of both KG's users retired from their KG. On the other hand, both KGs now have users of victims of the earthquake and workers involved of reconstruction efforts. 3) Institutions such as the KG should be provided with a system for responsibility allocation during emergency for user evacuation and a plan in advance that would allow the KG to act as a safety net, preparing for a large disaster.

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In the revival period after the disaster, the inhabitants of affected areas will be distributed to residents of the three forms of "temporary households" and "rental households", "village households" that remain in the village. Therefore, weakening, disappearance of the conventional community might happen. Therefore we interviewed it for the inhabitants of Shimakoshi district and the Raga district of Tanohata, Iwate. As a result, it was revealed that the mutual exchange between residents of the three forms has been greatly reduced. The reason was "there is no chance to go to meet", "far from", "the awkwardness and does not fit talk".

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