The purpose of this paper is to examine the developmental process of diversification of commercial accumulation in Akihabara area. This area is cradles of innovation in commerce. In the Edo period, Akihabara is residential area for samurai class(feudal Japanese military aristocracy). After 1912, it became a transportation hub when tramcars and trains was opened. Then, number of electronic parts stores have remarkably increased. In World War II, These goods were in great demand in Japan’s military. After World War II, the area was destroyed by the air raid. All products and foods were traded mainly in the black market after that. In this area, stores of assembly of the radio were being attempted. In 1951, GHQ cleared a lot of the black markets in kanto region. This initiative led to the virtualization of the commercial buildings. In1955, number of stores of home appliances, personal computers, ham radio equipments, Audio and Visual equipments have remarkably increased. The number of tourists has increased greatly. In 1985, number of stores of game softwares, Comics and other contents have remarkably increased.

 Based on there historical background, various industry types in akihabara area are thriving. they survive the extinction by many years, making commercial accumulation. For example, electric parts merchandise business transitioned to radio store, personal computer, audio & visual equipment, game and music software and cosplay cafe(include maid cafe).Thus, goods became extremely diverse in Akihabara. All in all, This does not mean that increase of one category stores are disappearance of other category stores. As a result, many stores on Akihabara diversified.

 The aim of this paper is to indicate that structure of recording industry based on analogue sound recording technology has transformed as a consequence of digitization, a technological innovation. In this study, it is considered that digitization in sound recording technology has formed two paths: the one is a way to strengthen existing market of recording industry and to form prosperity, the other is a way to expand Do-It-Yourself music production and “prosumer” related with diffusion of computer, ICT and the like. Both paths of digitization have been accelerating in the mid-1990s. In the latter half of 1990s, digitization in music creation has enabled to reduce production cost and to integrate industrial organizations: record production, artist management, and music publishing. It used to be reasonable for music companies to divide and assign property rights of their music into mass media companies, and each music copyright used to be joint-ownership in many cases.

 “The fourth step” of recording industry evolution is shown as mixed situation with both digitization paths. This study relies on the evolutionary model developed by Kabashima (2009) that explains transformations of content industry. Furthermore, this research attempts to improve on the model. “The fourth step” is added to the three steps of the content industry’s evolutionary theory shown by previous study. “The fourth step” of recording industry is characterized by things as follows: partial integration in industrial organization, creation by consumers, and shift of platform. It is suggested that digitization has led the change of recording industry system since around 1995 in this study. Thus, it is possible to perceive dynamics of recording industry by indicating “the fourth step” of the evolutionary model.

 In this paper we discuss about several features of technology system based on the Niklas Luhmann’s theory of the social system. We define here technology system as a set of communications mediated by possible/impossible binary code. The technology system proposed here is not only targeting science based technologies but including more general technologies. We have as many technology systems as various views of the world. In this point of view a mechanical apparatus which is often misunderstood as technology itself is interpreted as a part of communications that constitute a technology system. Of course a mechanical apparatus, which shows concretely what is made possible, is very powerful technological communication. However, there is no difference between mechanical apparatus and other kind of technological communications. In this new point of view engineers are not the element of a technology system but belong to the environment for the system.

 We define memories in technology system and records in technology system. The memory in technology system means that similar technological communications are repeated. There exists a selection pressure that is going to make technological system lose the memories. We discuss also innovation processes from this point of view. An innovation is a change of memory, or creation of new memory. The record in technology system means the communication that is fixed to a certain media. It is extremely

 The magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami that struck northeast Japan on March 11, 2011, were unavoidable natural disasters, but we consider the subsequent breakdown of the Fukushima nuclear power plants to be a catastrophe made not only by nuclear engineering systems but also by avoidable system errors. This article reviews an analysis of organizational disaster which lies behind the systems pathology on the Fukushima’s problems, operating old reactors, to conceal the trouble data and the problems of supervision including non-rational location of power station. Secondly, we think about the mechanism of catastrophe from Fukushima’s case. Finally, we suggest a rational proposal concerning the fade-out of nuclear power throughout the world. These proposals are made with a view to obtain the sustainable decision-making for our future, not simply in light of the supply and demand decisions of electrical power, but also in consideration to the homeostasis of environmental aspects including the social systems based on ecosystem toward our sustainability. However,

 In this paper we took up management actions of two layers, namely U Farm and K Poultry Ltd. who got down to processing of livestock products and private brand - PB -, and made a great coup. We clarified essences of their innovation. Concretely, we researched the expansion of management domains, from production management to marketing, financial management, and personnel management. Particularly, we focused on the expansion of management domains, from production management to marketing.

 In the first place, U Farm was going to reproduce the state of free-range hens with battery cages, and K Poultry Ltd. was going to utilize local unemployed resources effectively. By their noble management philosophies, they established peculiar techniques.

 In the second place, they were small managements, kept 1 hen in 1 cage, and then tried to keep healthy hens.

 In the last place, they could know the needs of customers by building systems of direct marketing. The above-mentioned management efforts will raise functional and psychological benefits of customers.

 It is said that although a sample distribution of the St. Petersburg gambling game was not considered, D. Bernoulli might have solved a paradox upon the gambling game in two ways: One is a solution through a diminishing marginal utility function of the natural logarithm; the other is one through the geometric mean.

 However, we would like to show here that both of them may not work at all, by computing not only a few of the Taylor’s formulas including a Maclaurin series for the former but also the harmonic mean for the latter. In addition to it, we can see that the gambling game has a geometric distribution, which has infinite possible outcomes and whose moments depend on a player’s subjective probability θ of obtaining tails per one coin flip.

 To do so, we assume in this paper that every player is supposed to be a Bayesian, who employs natural conjugate prior information of a beta distribution for a Bayes’ solution δ^* stemmed from a minimization problem of a posterior loss function. Then, we would like to derive the Kelly’s formula and study how such a Bayesian player revises his or her speculative or gambling spirit stirred up in order to flip a coin at the risk of some entrance fee ϕ.

 More than two decades ago, vos Savant lighted a fuse to fight against those, who believe an event of winning a prize on the Monty Hall’s host-guest TV show takes place equally likely, and so that a guest cannot help falling into a dilemma whether to stay with his or her first choice or to switch it to the other left. At that time, she claimed to them that the guest had better switch it because a subjective probability of winning the prize became from one third to two thirds. Nowadays, much of the literature is apt to accept her claim due to a seemingly Bayesian-like decision tree with second branches for arbitrary conditional probabilities. However, it is notorious that her solution come from the tree is too counterintuitive to coherently revise subjective probabilities of the prize whereabouts.

  Instead of making such an arbitrary decision, therefore, we would like to show in this paper that a problem like the Monty Hall, three prisoners, and so on has a trinomial distribution, whose parameters depend upon the subjective probabilities of the whereabouts. A conjugate Dilicilet distribution is then used for not only prior but also posterior information of the probabilities. So, we study here how a Bayes’ solution, derived from a minimization problem of a posterior loss function, is able to rationally and coherently revise subjective probabilities as well as conditional ones.

 Outsourcing of information services to overseas providers has become popular in the last decade. The effects of the outsourcing on the economy in developed countries are discussed, especially on employment. However, productivity in developed economies is also assumed to be affected by offshore outsourcing, because it affects cost share of intermediate inputs and technology to utilize inputs.

 This study calculates the amount of offshore outsourcing of information services using Input-Output table of JIP 2009 database. In the analysis on productivity, the effects of the traditional outsourcing and information services outsourcing and IT stock on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are assessed.

 The results show that TFP is lowered in the year of increase of input share of traditional outsourcing, information services outsourcing, and IT stock. However, those negative effects turn to positive or neutral in the second year. From sectoral perspective, manufacturing sector benefits from information services outsourcing, and service sector benefits from tradition outsourcing in the lagged analysis.

 The result of car sales estimated by Japanese Family Income and Expenditure Survey fluctuate month by month. It is caused by the low sampling ratio. To avoid the expense increase and to achieve more accurate survey, introduction of retrospective survey is one of the potential candidates. This study tries to evaluate the effect, using Agent-Based Simulation.

 The purpose of this study is two-folded: a. to assess the effect of introduction of retrospective survey without any memory recall errors, b. to assess the effect with memory recall errors.

 The simulation model is set according to the sampling method of the real survey, which is not strictly random sampling. Memory recall errors are set to occur according to the random walk model. Each agent has different level of memory recall errors.

 The result for the first purpose is that without memory recall errors, the standard deviation of the estimated results show significant improvement.

 The other result for the second purpose is that with memory recall errors, the average of the estimated results differ from the true value caused by the equalization of seasonal sales pattern.

 In this paper, we focus on “Information Transparency” under late liquid modernity. For the purpose, we introduce a new word called Transparent Society. Information transparent society is the society where an individual has a strong autonomy being superior to a family, community, religion, culture, organization, and society. An individual has enough information and communication literacy for create, express, interpret, accept, and desert fragments of meaning in the information transparent society.

 Variety and plurality of the society should be maintained under the tolerance for other lifestyles, culture and meaning.

 Information transparency dose not mean social function directly. However, if people have a literacy of participation, the transparency connects to the utilization of human, goods, monetary, and information resources.

 The 21st century will be a painful era where the information transparent society is emerging. However, it will be an inevitable process in the history of human being. Therefore, we have to develop the social systems theory for information transparent society.

 Iida City in Nagano Prefecture, Japan, is an environmentally advanced municipality that describes itself an “environment-conscious city”, including citizen participation in the town’s environment plan, network of EMS (Environmental Management system) businesses, and citizen-owned power generation. In addition, Iida City is a town with advanced community center activities.

 In this research, we have studied the civic capacity for regional environmental action, the connection between community center activities and activities related to low carbon cities (esppecially citizen-owned power generation). We conducted a comprehensive analysis based on interviews with main actors, questionnaire surveys to public hall directores, and interviews with members of the local community.

 As a result of the analysis, the followings trends can be identified.

(1) The relationships between the administration sector and other sectors were formed through the accumulation of previous environmental measures. However the relationships between the community organization and other sectors were comparatively weak.

(2) The community center activities of Iida City had achieved the ideal as a community that valued the voluntarily activity by the residents; however, creating the common theme of global warming had only taken off after the middle of the 2000s.

(3) Two districts in Iida city invested in the citizen-owned power generation as a result of the accumulation of current environmental measures. There is a possibility that the civic capacity for regional environmental action can be further strengthened, if the connection of the community center activities and activities concerning low carbon cities is activated.

 This paper explores how a social business is created. Social business is created by social entrepreneurs. The concept of social entrepreneur is closely associated with the concept of institutional entrepreneur which is developed by DiMaggio(1988). However there is very little research on social entrepreneurship reviewing previous works of institutional entrepreneurship.

 In the research field of institutional entrepreneur it is unclear how institutional entrepreneurs get various resources to take up and institutionalize new practice if they are embedded in an institutional field and subject to its regulative, normative and cognitive pressures.

 This research identifies how the social entrepreneurial actors create unique ideas with stakeholders and get various resources from them. This paper also identifies social and institutional change can be initiated by less dominant, peripheral actors.