An increasing number of people have experienced temporary disengagements from work organi- zations to assume their other roles, such as fulfilling family responsibilities. Although prior studies have addressed the negative effects of such disengagements on employees, the positive effects of disengage- ments remain unexplored. Therefore, this study examines the positive effects of temporary disengage- ments from work organizations. The study employs self-report data, obtained from people who had experienced child-care leaves. Three factors were identified in both employees’ internal experiences of temporary disengagements and the changes of employee attitude toward work/career and the work organization. Further, we indicate that job crafting was related to experiences of temporary disengage- ments through attitudinal changes. The findings suggest that employees’ temporary disengagements can be beneficial to employers through attitudinal or behavioral changes, such as job crafting.

 This paper aims to investigate the reasons leading to the abolishment of local SNSs. In 2010, there were about 500 local SNSs in Japan, but as of 2014, there are only about 260 SNSs. Furthermore, ac- cording to GLOCOM data for 2014, only about 170 of these are actually utilized. In addition to analyzing this decline, this research is intended to clarify the process which led to the abolition local SNS services. Although there are many existing studies which surveyed only a few areas regarded as successful examples, there is no research done on examples of failed SNSs.

 The author carried out a survey of local government staff about the local SNSs abolition process. The author categorizes the cause of the failures based on this survey. Reasons analyzed include budget screening, the time limit of business stipulated, and competition with existing ICT tools.

 We propose here to define technology system as a set of communications characterized by able/ unable binary code. Technology theory that emphasizes communications is very different from the conventional ones attaching importance to engineers. We survey here for what kind of change the conventional technology theory is pressed.

 According to the theory of technology system proposed here, the theme of this technology theory could be classified as the following.

 1. Reproductive process of technological communications

 2. Boundary problem of ability

 3. Fluctuation of ability

 4. Uncertainty of technological communications

 5. Morality of technological communications

 Such a theme cannot be treated only within technology system. It is necessary to treat problems in relation with other functional systems and environment.

 In our discussion, we regard mechanical device as a kind of technological communication. Mechani- cal device is also objects of exchange in economical system. This duality of mechanical device produces indirect interaction between technology system and economic system. This kind of duality will cause also the interaction between technology system and other functional systems.

 Since beginning of the twenty-first century, expectation for the contents industry has raised. Above all, total domestic box-office revenues for 2012 were highest ever. In 2013, “Like Father, Like Son” (Director: Hirokazu Koreeda) won Jury Prize at the Cannes International film festival. That shows both domestic movie market and high evaluation of Japanese movies. However, many of recent Japa- nese movies have no individuality and novelty. One of the reasons is that most of works including high ranked works of annual box-office revenue distributed by Toho Co., are made by production commission system, in other words, film partners.

 This paper proposes for new production system of Japanese movies, being based on interviews with the movie directors and producers about production commission system. This paper analyzes within the framework of arts production and organization theory.

 This paper explains that the production commission system causes dispersion of rights for some companies and that makes troubles in producing works. The dispersion of rights also causes missing the opportunity to make profit in the international markets. The habitual practice of this production system promotes shortsighted investments. Therefore the experienced producers who have expertise are excluded from movie industry. That means this production system obstructs long-term growth of Japanese movie industry.

 For continuous development of movie industry, this paper proposes new production system that individual producers manage projects based on ideas from movie directors and plot writers, while di- viding investment and producing works. This production system depends on producers’ skill to make movies which are appreciated all over the world. It is important to retain management skill and know- ing global economic situation.

 It is essential for us to continue producing and creating works to hand down expertise and skills for distinguished creators. If we can continue growing revenue of the box-office and improving artistic quality of works, movie industry will become leading industry in Japan.

 The years after World War II saw Occupied Japan as a defeated nation. People had to improvise in many aspects of daily life in Japan. In the chaos of the post-war recovery large and very lucrative black markets opened throughout Japan. In Tokyo, There are many black markets. For example,Shin- jyuku, Okachimachi, Akihabara Shibuya. Some days after the surrender of Japan, the Ozu-gumi placed advertisements in major newspapers asking for company and factory owners, to come to his office and discuss distribution of their products.For example, Ozu-gumi which is one of the large gang group of Tokyo created a large market near the East gate the Shinjuku station. Some days after the surrender of Japan, the Ozu-gumi placed advertisements in major newspapers asking for company and factory owners, to come to his office and discuss distribution of their products. Ozu-gumi created a large mar- ket near the East gate the Shinjuku station.

 In early occupied Japan, The black markets were the first economic entities. About foods and ap- parel, official lines of supply and stores had either been very delayed or had nothing to sell. People who were desperate for food and basic necessities go to the black market.

 The second transformation is change to commercial buildings from small shops. There ware many small shops in Shibuya district. There shops will cause the grate fire. Tokyo metropolitan government and Shibuya ward office has begun a project to redevelop the area. But There are many stakehold- er(For example, Land owners, leaseholders, concessionaires) in this district. At the time, the area was involved in the process of urban redevelopment. Benefits accrue to the community from reconstruction. The other hand, Station area became an emporium, aging rapidly.

 One of these examples, that of “Shibuya-109 Building(Dogenzaka Kyodo Building, open from 1979)” is typical case. This area change to Commercial Accumulation from small stores and stallholders in the black market. There are hundreds of stakeholders. Tokyu Corporation which is developer of This build- ing choice shopping building style. Because if it choice department store, have to keep to the strict regu- lations for Large-Scale Retail Stores for Preservation of Living Environment. Now, Shibuya-109 became one of the largest center of young ladies apparel retail stores. In Akihabara district, many stores are in a complementary relationship. But Those stores are in a competitive relationship in Shibuya district.

 To maintain the current social security system in Japan, whose spending is rapidly increasing year after year due to population aging (to secure stable financial resources), the consumption tax rate was raised from 5 to 8 percent in April 2014. Then increased revenue on the consumption tax is supposed to be (in national portions) used for the four social security expenses (such as pension, medical care, long-term care, and measures to deal with the falling birthrate).

 Nevertheless, since it was not discussed in the process of its decision-making whether or not most markets’ efficiency may be impaired by the tax hike, an introduction of reduced-premium tax rate, which has been adopted in other countries with even higher consumption tax rates than in Japan for them to provide people with free education and health care, was postponed in Japan. Besides, since the well known ‘reciprocal elasticity rule’ for such taxation, that is, the “infinitesimal ･･･ tax ad valorem on each commodity should be proportional to the sum of the reciprocals of its supply and demand elasticities” as stated in Ramsey (1927, p.56) has been believed, it did not seem to be thoroughly discussed on how to build an optimal tax system in Japan.

 So in this paper we shed light on some shortcomings hidden in the model of tax ad valorem stemmed from Ramsey (1927), especially on a tax base. Moreover, we theoretically reconstructed an optimal taxation model by using a new ad valorem tax rate based on the price of pre-tax as well as all amount of its tax paid by the consumers only so as to derive a few of new rules on tax ad valorem such as a consumption tax different from the Ramsey’s tax rule of ‘reciprocal elasticity rule.’ In addition to those new rules for marginal sacrifice corresponding to our total surplus, we specifically calculate a closed-form solution, which no one has yet provided in the literature. And furthermore, it may be worth repeatedly noticing not only that if an optimal ad valorem tax rate for each market is uniform, then its market’s efficiency will be impaired but also that an optimal amount of tax revenue for every market, which is collected by our optimal ad valorem tax rate, say α, can be calculated as the closed-form solution given a total amount of the tax revenue R.

 In recent Japan, the change of social ties has been seen as questionable by using cliches which means “being weakened” or “getting thinner”. Regarding such trends, this paper explores how socio- logical systems theory can draw a restructuring plan of social systems. Based on Niklas Luhmann’s idea, the realization of social order should be understood as improbable. The realization of social ties is mediated “by communication media” in Luhmann’s terminology. We conclude that, when we are going to draw a restructuring plan of social systems in relation to social ties, we should focus not on human beings but on “the social”, that is, communication media in this broad meaning.

 Artificial stock market research is an important topic of social simulation studies, and these studies focus on the following subjects. (1) Prediction of stock price, find out efficient trading strategies and analyze trading activities of human traders. (2) Institutional design of market mechanism that against market crash by speculative traders and panic traders, or design of efficient price determining algo- rithm in an inactive market. (3) Artificial intelligence studies such as evolutionary system, adaptation learning and more.

 Most artificial stock market researchers are interested in trading activities inside of a stock market and not going to research outside of a stock market, such as the value, and activities of enterprise that float stock. Many papers are related to technical analysis that trace movements of stock prices, but researches of fundamental analysis in an artificial market are much lesser.

 In this study, we design a multi agent system that is consisted of enterprise agents, investor agents, and consumer agents. Not only stock markets but also goods markets are constructed in our model. Both technical analysis and fundamental analysis are the implement as measures of investments. Through agent-based simulation, we clear up how trading strategies of investor agents in the artificial market influence business managements and what type of stock market is desirable.

 Conclusions of this study are as follows. (1) Various investors and trading strategies, diversity in the stock market is important. (2) Stable stock price series is desirable. (3) Existence of technical analysis oriented investors is fine, but the percentage of them should not be too high in a stock market. (4) Personal investors who have not strictly defined investment strategies are good to stock companies.

 This research aims to investigate structural changes of household consumption in Japan from 1980s to 2013, shedding light on problems caused by demand-saturation. The author conducts quanti- tative empirical analyses based on publicly accessible economic data provided by the Government of Japan. The results show the following four suggestions: Firstly, the prior results of researches based on U.S. economy whose income gap has been widened with the increase of income level in the top-income class are difficult to apply to the Japanese demand-saturation mainly because even the income level of the highest-income class in Japan has been decreasing since late 1990s. Secondly, the consumption curve of Japanese household might have been shifting downward from 1980s to early 2010s. The shift might cause increases of the average propensity of consumption from late 1990s to early 2010s. Thirdly, increases of the average propensity of consumption from late 1990s to early 2010s are not uniform among income classes. The propensities of lower-income classes increased, but those of higher-income classes stayed at the same level. Fourthly, propensities of consumption of durable goods might have been decreasing in all income classes. In conclusion, the author suggests that all of the income classes, including the top one, might be trapped in problems by demand-saturation in 2000s’ Japan.