The broblems concerning the nuclear war crisis and the related organization can be divided into two groups. The first contains those which are found in such a critical situation that the nuclear war may break out in near future. The other is composed of those which are found after the actual outbreak of this type of war. As to the outburst of the nuclear war three possible cases (intended, escalation and accident) are often pointed out. The first group of the problems can be better understood by analyzing these cases with the international situation and the armaments conditions, both of which are always changing, for their background. In spite of the recent assertions of the contrary, it is emphasized that the second group cannot be sufficiently understood without scrutinizing the experiences of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, . Furthermore, a reflection on the past course of research into these experiences brings us much insight into the adequate way for organizing the scientific research effort when such social phenomena occur.

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Environmetal impact assessment (EIA), aiming at the environmental conservation, is penetrating into various parts of Japan, as a social system. But it contains various problems:in many cases it results in merely justifying projects and stressing safety of them, without recognizing the objective area as a whole and making allowance for the amenity of the inhabitants. An example which seems to solve these problems in its proper local characteristic shall be showed, which is called "YAHAGI RIVER METHOD". It is fixing steadily in the Yahagi basin as a social system. The substantial organization which represents and bears "YAHAGI RIVER METHOD" is "the Conference of Water Pllution Control along the Coast Yahagi River" (CWY) organized in 1964. Since the establishment, the Conference extended its activity year after year. At first it acted for the fishing association and now it plays a leading role in the resolution of the environmental problems on the local developmental projects, by adjusting opinions among inhabitants, developers and the local autonomous body.

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The present paper shows the international activities of Mussel Watch and core sediment analysis projects, for the monitoring of chemical environment in coastal marine area. Marine pollution due to human activity has become to serious social problem especially in coastal areas. It is necessary to monitor the pollution in the areas to maintain the good quality of chemical envrionment. The following two projects have been proposed and promoted internationally. (a) Marine bivalves concentrate pollutants over their levels in environmental seawater. Environmental research has suggested that some bivalves may be valuable as sentinel organisms for indicationg the levels of pollutants in coastal seawater. The histrorical progress of Mussel watch project is shown in this paper, with some scientific comments for the project. (b) Marine sediments also concentrate pollutants. In various sites of the Seto Inland Sea and the Tokyo Bay, core sediments from 1 to 5m were sampled. And the sedimentation rates and sedimentary records of anthropogenic and background (base line) pollutant loads were determined by combining Pb-210 dating technique with chemical analyses of pollutants including selective chemical leaching technique. The changes with time in heavy metal loads into sediments and the mass balance of heavy metals were clarified, in the Seto Inland Sea and the Tokyo Bay areas.

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In this paper, I discuss the possibility applying the organizational model to analize coalitions within Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The crisis for LDP has been brought about through struggling for LDP presidency among leaders of factions in LDP. They form coalitions among factions to win LDP presidential election. Some of them who losed this race would try to weaken ties of the presidential coalition by appealing to members of this coalition to exit out of it, or to members of the anti-presidential coalition <s> not to participate in the presidential coalition. In doing so, leaders of the losing coalition <s> would promise these members the better rewards than they got in the presidential coalition or in the anti-presidential coalition <s>. On the other hand, LDP president should provide his rivals and member of the losing coaltion <s> with selective incentives which are special rewards only given persons who conribute to the mainenance of his presidency. Leaders of factions must not only maintain the present size of their factions, but get more members by strengthening functions of factions such as gaining portfolio, collecting political funds and influencing policies.

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Nowadays, processes toward overmanagement have been going on in the "advanced" societies-especially the capitalist ones. Although its direct resons have been their inner changes such as development of bureaucracy, diffusion of mass communication, rising claims of various kinds of social groups, and so on, more fundamental are the presses of their central positions in the world society that need the vast peripheral area as the counter and subordinating parts on the other side. As the basic structure of the world society has been maintained by two major nuclear military-industrial complexes, which have been able to be established only on the world-wide system of capital accumulation accompanying the global racist and/or chauvinist class structures, the central and ruling societies have been pressed to throw a large amount of their energy into the management of such crises as possible nuclear wars, mass poverty of the third world countries, global environmental pollutions, and their own inner "new" social problems. The rising rates of social disorganization indicated in family dissolutions, devastating schools, increasing crimes, and so on are the results, which show the processes of the inner colonization or the colonization of the life world in the "advanced" society. The theory of social and economic systems shonld be reorganized or do self-organizing to cope with these serious problem, which means that we have to build the new concepts of not only the system but also the subject-the human being.

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We are faced with many "Tragedy of Commons" problems in the community level as water pollution, garbage-disposal, and drought. To plan community system to solve commons crisis, the characteristics of consumer's coping process must be understood. In case of drought, three categories of consumers began to take water conservation from the different evaluation of individual-benefits;convenience, econmy, and cleanness, at the different sequential stages;normal water supply, recommendation of conservation, and suspension of water supply. In case of toiletpaper hoarding panic, three categories of consumers took hoarding-action from the different motives;self-reward maximization and self-defence, at the different sequential stages;precursor, outbreak, expansion of panic.

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Reviews of past studies on interorganizational networks (ION) following a disaster revealed some shortcomings. First, the past studies have provided us with insufficient information about determinant factors of ION patterns. The second is a problem due to a characteristic of a blockmodel analysis, which has been often employed in the recent studies. A study with a blockmodel analysis cannot point out structural defects of ION in a practical fashion, though it seems effective for seeking an actual configuration of ION. A study, a conceptual framework of which had been suggested by the author in 1981, was conducted on interorganizational responses to Japanese natural disasters. In the study, ten determinant factors of an ION, which were pigeonholed in (1)characteristics of a disaster agent, (2)characteristics of a community, (3)task properties, and (4)characteristics of an ION, were taken into account. Some methodological problems were disclosed in terms of the study, such as how to describe an ION, how to strictly tell "coordinating center" from "cognitive center", how to sufficiently measure the degree of concentration, and the like. Meyhew's discussion on the hierarchy's disruption potential was introduced, so that we can partly settle the problems.

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A group utility theory is discussed based on the concept of convex dependence among multiple conflicting decision makers. Using this concept we could model the different preference structures and attitudes of each decision maker which depend on the utility level (degree of satisfaction) of the other decision makers. Using a hypothetical numerical example of siting a nuclear power plant, the real world implications of convex the dependence are clarified, where we consider three conflicting decision makers: the representative of the electric power company, the representative of the users of the electric power, and the representative of the regional inhabitants. For evaluating the group utility, five alternatives, including the alternative of no construction are considered. It is shown that the concept of the convex dependence among conflicting decision makers would play an importnat role in the group decision or society's decision.

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