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Volume 49 (2001)
- Issue 4 Pages 401-
- Issue 3 Pages 265-
- Issue 2 Pages 129-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 49, Issue 2
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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YUJI KURODA, SHIGEO SAKURAI2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 129-136
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present investigation of the relation between depression and goal orientation in peer relationships among seventh and eighth graders, 3 kinds of goal orientations were examined: interpersonal experience/growth (the goal of developing oneself by acquiring interpersonal experiences), performance-approach (the goal of obtaining positive personality evaluations in peer relationships) and performance-avoidance (the goal of avoiding negative personality evaluations in peer relationships). In study 1, a new scale of goal orientaion in peer relationships was shown to have sufficient reliability and validity. In study 2, the relation between depression and goal orientation was examined by means of a multiple regression analysis. The results indicate that the interpersonal experience/growth goal is negatively related with depression, while the performance-avoidance goal is positively related, supporting Dweck & Leggett's (1988) model. However, in contrast to their model, the performance-approach goal was negatively related to depression. The results also suggest that the negative relation between depression and performance-approach goal is stronger for seventh graders than for eighth graders.View full abstractDownload PDF (1431K) -
HARUHISA MIZUNO, TOSHINORI ISHIKUMA2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 137-145
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present research was to investigate the effects of sociological and psychological factors on international students' preferences among help providers. 5 types of helpers were compared: international student advisors (professional helpers), Japanese language teachers and academic advisors (role helpers), and students from the same country as the respondent and Japanese students (volunteer helpers). For each type of helper, the Asian students were asked about academic, health, interpersonal, daily life and financial, and emotional issues. Questionnaires completed by Chinese, Taiwanese, and Korean international students studying in Japan resulted in 257 usable responses. The results showed that concerns about helper responsiveness were negatively related to preferences among helpers, whereas experience with actual supports were positively related to preferences. Self-esteem was positively related to preferences among help providers, and other variables such as gender and Japanese language ability were also related to preferences. The implications of these results for providing help for international students were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1537K) -
KYOKO FUJII2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 146-155
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study investigated the conflict concerning psychological distance that occurs to adolescents with respect to their significant friends when adolescents are uncertain about an appropriate psychological distance between them and their friend. This has been labeled “the Porcupine Dilemma.” The purposes of the present study were to (1) identify factors involved in the Porcupine Dilemma,(2) clarify psychological reactions to this dilemma, and (3) clarify the relation between this dilemma and psychological reactions having to do with the degree of psychological distance. From the dilemmas of approaching and leaving, two psychological factors were extracted respectively: “the dilemma that occurs with oneself” (avoiding feeling hurt or lonely oneself), and “the dilemma with respect to others” (avoiding causing others to feel hurt or lonely). The results also showed 3 psychological reactions to the Porcupine Dilemma: cowering, clinging, and giving up. Moreover,“the dilemma that occurs with oneself” was easier to connect with psychological reactions, and this tendency increased with psychological distance from the friend.View full abstractDownload PDF (1727K) -
Attachment and Conscious Attitudes Toward Four Discrete EmotionsHIROKO SAKAGAMI, MAKI SUGAUMA2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 156-166
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the relation between adult attachment as anindividual's interpersonal style and that person's emotion regulation. In Study 1, aquestionnaire measure of conscious attitudes toward 4 discrete emotions (anger, sadness, fear, and joy) was developed to measure individual differences in emotion regulation. Factor analysis of this scale yielded 4 factors: reflectionon emotions, awareness of one's own emotions, awareness of other's emotions, and negative feelings about emotions. In Study 2, 208 university students completed a scale of adult attachment and the scale of conscious attitudes toward 4 discrete emotions. The results indicated that secure attachment was related to open attitudes, especially about sadness and joy, and to higher reflection on and higher awareness of these emotions. In contrast, avoidance attachment was related to higher negative feelings about sadness and joy. Ambivalent attachment related to biased attitudes, particularly toward anger and joy, and to lower reflection on and lower awareness of these emotions. These findings suggest that each attachment style is characterized by different attitudes toward specific emotions at a conscious level.View full abstractDownload PDF (2093K) -
TAKAHIRO SAKURABA, YUTAKA MATSUI, MAMORU FUKUTOMI, KENICHI NARITA, YUM ...2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 167-174
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study aims to clarify factors causing amateur prostitution (in Japanese,“enjo kousai”: enjo=support; kousai=dating) in adolescent females. The definition of “enjo kousai” is paid serial sexual behavior. Currently in Japan, this is considered a deviant sexual behavior for adolescent females. Completed questionnaires from 600 randomly sampled high school girls were sorted into 3 groups: experienced, mildly resisting, and strongly resisting. The findings were as follows: (1) young women's attitudes toward amateur prostitution were influenced by their friends' experiences with that behavior; (2) engaging in amateur prostitution was strongly correlated with delinquency; and (3) the group that had engaged in amateur prostitution expressed a strong desire to receive compliments from others or wanted to be viewed by others as outstanding. The results indicated that the adolescent girls who had engaged in amateur prostitution or those who had little resistance to doing so showed the same factors as adolescent girls who were sexually delinquent or sexually active. The typical psychological characteristics of contemporary young people in Japan strongly relate to their attitudes toward amateur prostitution.View full abstractDownload PDF (1551K) -
NORIKO SATO2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 175-185
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe first purpose of the present study was to examine students' ideas about the reasons for entering a music college. Answers from 378 female freshmen and sophomores on a questionnaire about the reasons for entering a music college were analyzed with oblique factor analysis. The results showed that the structure of the reasons was composed of 5 factors: perspective on the future, use of one's ability, identification, recommendation by another person, and negative motive. Positive correlations were found among the first 3 of these (r=0.39-0.49), indicating positive motives. The second purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of the students' ideas about the reasons for entering a music college on their adjustment to college. For this purpose, a causal model for the relationship was constructed. Items about adjustment were selected, using principal component analysis. The data were analyzed using covariance structure analysis, and in addition, different majors were compared. The results showed that positive motives lead to high adjustment to college in all majors included in the present study.View full abstractDownload PDF (1942K) -
Information Avoidance, Information Seeking, Solution Generation, and WorryYOSHINORI SUGIURA2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 186-197
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWorry is a kind of uncontrollable thinking. However, at the same time, worry represents an actively controlled process of coping with difficult problems. In order to investigate the nature of worry as a coping attempt, I had 134 adults complete a questionnaire that assessed the relationship between 3 coping strategies (information avoidance, information seeking, and solution generation) and the uncontrollability of thoughts about stressors. All 3 coping strategies enhanced the controllability of thoughts about the stressors, regardless of their stress reduction effects. Some personality traits seemed to moderate the effects of coping strategies on the uncontrollability of the thoughts. The results are discussed in terms of a currently proposed model of worry which suggests that the persistence of thoughts is the key factor linking problemfocused coping strategies (e. g., information seeking and solution generation) and worry.View full abstractDownload PDF (2087K) -
Characteristics and Relation to Life ExperiencesI-HUEY LU2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 198-208
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to explore characteristics of the wisdom of older adults, and to examine the relation of their wisdom to their life experiences. The verbal responses of 50 older adults (65-82 years of age, average 71 years old) to 3 tasks concerning conflicts with others, based on Smith & Baltes's (1990) “life-planning dilemma” task, were recorded and later rated according to factual knowledge, procedural knowledge, life-span contextualism, uncertainty, and value relativism. The results showed that scores tended to be higher on life-span contextualism and uncertainty. Although no differences on the wisdom measure were found in terms of gender or education, scores for factual knowledge were higher for subjects with experience in managerial positions or various occupations. Scores for life-span contextualism, uncertainty, and value relativism were higher for persons who had participated in community activities, while scores for procedural knowledge were higher for those spending more time reading newspapers every day. These results suggest that wisdom is closely related to life experiences.View full abstractDownload PDF (1907K) -
College Students Majoring in EducationYOSUKE WAKAMATSU2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 209-218
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present study was to investigate difficulties that college students have in making career decisions. 233 college juniors majoring in education were given a questionnaire. Of those, 84 students had decided to apply for at least one career. The main results were as follows: (1) Undecided students showed a smaller variance in ratings on a 40-item difficulty scale, and reported having more trouble rating activities than did those who had made a decision. This suggests that they did not seem to recognize their difficulties well.(2) Undecided students who did not feel comfortable about their decision-making status were apt to be annoyed at tasks that students find difficult to solve.(3) Among undecided students, those who were indecisive tended to seek novel alternatives, and did not seem to examine their current alternatives well.View full abstractDownload PDF (1728K) -
TAKUHIKO DEGUCHI2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 219-229
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present research was to investigate the relation between teacher's instructions and children's cognition of small group learning. 495 children (4th to 6th grades) and 16 teachers completed questionnaires. The children's questionnaire covered their cognition of small group learning; the teachers' questionnaire, frequency of usage of small group learning instructions. Instructions were divided by cluster analysis into “discussion” and “participation and cooperation.” On the basis of the frequency (high-low) of those 2 instructions, the children were divided into 4 groups. In order to determine if there were any differences in the children's cognition in these 4 groups, analyses of variance were performed. The results showed the following: (1) in the group that received both types of instructions, the children had the best cognition of small group learning; (2) in the group that received only discussion instructions, the children had the least good cognition.View full abstractDownload PDF (2006K) -
TATSUYA ARAI, SHINOBU UNO, YOSHIFUMI KUDO, HIDEAKI SHIRAI2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 230-239
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study focuses on elementary school children's undergeneralized misconceptions about animals, and examines the effectiveness for modifying these misconceptions of a teaching method using boundary instances. The main hypothesis was that elementary school children's undergeneralized concepts about animals could be effectively changed into a more scientific concept by teaching with boundary instances. 3 experiments were conducted to test this hypothesis; each experiment was performed in the context of classroom science teaching in elementary school fifth grade classes, and consisted of 3 sessions: pretesting, teaching and discussing with a videotaped aid, and post-testing. In the first and third experiments, plankton in water and shellfish respectively were adopted as boundary instances, and a videotaped aid that showed eating, moving, and excreting scenes for each respectively was used. The results of these 2 experiments did not clearly show conceptual change. In the second experiment, a revised version of the videotaped aid that treated scenes of both plankton and shellfish were used. The results showed that the ratio of correct answers increased greatly for all problems, and thus that the hypothesis was supported. The results demonstrated that teaching with paired use of 2 kinds of boundary instances is effective for modifying undergeneralized misconceptions.View full abstractDownload PDF (1845K) -
A Cognitive PerspectiveYOSHINORI SUGIURA2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 240-252
Published: June 30, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWorry is kind of uncontrollable thinking. However, at the same time, worry represents an actively controlled process of coping with difficult problems. Research on worry has been focused on why and how worry becomes uncontrollable. In the present article, I divide the past studies into 2 types: (1) those considering the automatic process underlying worry as a major factor that contributes to the uncontrollability, and (2) those considering that the very process that is actively controlled can ironically give rise to the uncontrollability of worry. The present review focuses exclusively on the latter type of studies. Research from that viewpoint can be further divided into studies mainly adopting a macro perspective, focusing on the ultimate function of worry, and studies with a more micro perspective, focusing on strategies used to fulfill those functions. I would emphasize the importance of the micro perspective.View full abstractDownload PDF (2360K) -
2001 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages 264-
Published: 2001
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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