The responses of EEGs to periodic somatosensory stimulation (1-20 pulses/sec) were studied in 10 healthy adults. The power spectra of EEGs were calculated during stimulation and at rest. The power spectra at rest were subtracted from those during stimulation. The subtracted values were plotted on the coordinates with stimulation frequency as ordinate and EEG frequency as abscissa (frequency-response contour map). The following results were obtained.
1) In both hemispheres, there was a series of negative values corresponding to the power spectra of EEGs at rest. On both sides of this series, there were positive values.
2) In the hemisphere contralateral to stimulation, there were positive values along 1: 1 and 1 : 2 diagonal lines.

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Secondary cerebral edema is no less significant than direct injury of the brain parenchyma as a factor to markedly aggravate the prognosis of cerebrovascular disturbance. Accordingly, theorapeutic measures for cerebral edema are very important.
For the purpose of studying the anti-cerebral edema effect of dexamethasone, we had cerebral hemorrhage induced experimentally in rabbit and studied the occurrence of cerebral edema, effect of dexamethasone administration on it and the method of administration. Experimental animals used were 197 male rabbits weighing 2.4-2.6 kg about 12 weeks after birth.
Experimental lesion of cerebral hemorrhage was prepared by the cold injury method according to Klatzo's method.
In order to examine the course of cerebral edema in the acute phase of cerebral hemorrhage, the animals were decapitated on a time-course basis after cold injury ; the brain was taken out and divided into the injured part and intact part ; the brain was dried with a vacuum freezedrier ; the brain weight before and after drying was measured with a chemical balance and the water content of the brain was calculated.
The RISA transfer rate was also measured on a tune course basis so as to find the conditions of the blood-brain barrier of the impaired brain which plays an important role in the occurrence of cerebral edema.
After cold injury, dexamethasone in doses of 0.4 mg/kg/day and 2 mg/kgiday was administered for three days ; the water content of the brain and RISA transfer rate were measured, and a comparative study was made of the administration group and the non-administration group. The period of administration was set at 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days and 7 days. On these five groups of administration, measurement was made of the water content of the brain one day after and three days after the final day of administration, results of which are as follows.
1) Experimentally, the cerebral edema observable in the acute phase of cerebral hemorrhage began to appear six hours after the onset of the disease and reached a peak 12 to 48 hours after.
2) A large-dose administration of dexamethasone had an inhibitory effect on cerebral edema incidental to cerebral hemorrhage. Administration for three to four days was free of rebound phenomenon and appeared to be appropriate as the period of administration.

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The changes of amplitudes and latencies of visual evoked potentials (VEP) induced by overloading a mental task (a modification of Kadobayashi's addition task method) was studied in 20 untreated patients with monopolar endogenous depression and 11 normal controls matched in age and sex. In addition, the relationship between the baseline VEP and the changes following the mental task was investigated in both groups.
1) The patient showed a more noticeable decrease in amplitude-ratios of Pino of VEP after overloading the mental task of both 20-second and 15-minute duration than the control. The latency of P₁₀₀ did not show any significant changes after the mental tasks.
2) In the baseline VEP before the task there was no significant difference in the amplitude and latency of P₁₀₀ between the patient and the control.
3) There were no correlations between the amplitude-ratio changes after the mental task and the amplitude of the baseline VEP before the task.

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Using highly purified fraction of sarcoplasmic eticulum of skeletal muscles, Km value of Ca²⁺-dependent ATPase and the velocity of ⁴⁵Ca-calcium uptake into the vesicles were measured in the atrophied muscles derived from the deficient rats. For comparison, similar measurements were made also in control muscles. Chemical properties of the enzyme were analyzed in the same specimen.
The production of the vitamin deficiency and therewith induced muscle atrophy were judged by the following criteria : 0 Vitamin E concentration in serum and liver was markedly decreased in the fifth week of the feeding on vitamin deficient diet ; R The level of creatine phosphokinase activity in serum became several times higher than that of the control in the fourth week ; R Electron-microscopic examination of the heart and skeletal muscles revealed the signs of muscle atrophy were observed clearly in the 22 nd week. Km value became smaller and the velocity of ⁴⁵Ca-calcium uptake became higher as the muscle atrophy advanced. The maximum values of them were observed in the 22 nd week after the onset of the experiment. Molecular weights and electrophoretic mobilities of Ca²⁺-dependent ATPase in both conditions were similar. These findings suggest the presence of the compensatory mechanism, which automatically facilitates the contractile ability of atrophied muscles by increasing the velocity of Ca²⁺ uptake into the vesicles.

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The occurrence of cerebral edema is considered as one of the most important factors, influencing the prognosis of patients with cerebrovascular disorders. To clarify the edema mechanism due to hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage from the aspects of energy metabolism, experimental hemorrhagic models were prepared with spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The specific hemorrhage was created in the cortex of left parietal region by Klatzo's cold injury method, where hematoma was recognized. After inducing the cold injury, the periodically measured changes of brain-water content were compared with those of c--AMP, ATP and lactate in the brain tissue.
1) The brain-water content began to increase at 3-6 hours after the injury on the undamaged hemisphere as well as the damaged one, reaching its peak at 24, --, 48 hours. The increase of brain-water content was more remarkable on the damaged hemisphere.
2) The disturbance of aerobic brain metabolism was more significant in the cerebral cortex proximal to the damaged region. Although it was less severe on the undamaged than it was on the damaged, the metabolic disturbance was recognized. This suggests that experimental hemorrhage influences the cerebral metabolism simultaneously not only on the damaged but also on the undamaged hemisphere.
3) Within the period between the time immediately after the injury and six hours, c. AMP was rapidly increased once and decreased within half an hour and the decrease of ATP and the increase of lactate were recognized in the cortices of parietal and occipital regions and the white matter. The aerobic disturbance of cerebral metabolism may be considered as playing a part in creating cerebral edema within 3′-6 hours after the injury.
4) The above-mentioned disturbance of aerobic cerebral metabolism was improved 18 hours later, but the brain-water content reached its peak within 24, . -48 hours. During this period of 24-48 hours after the injury, it was suggested that the enlargement of cerebral edema was due to the factors other than metabolic ones.
5) These results suggest that immediately following the cold injury, the metabolic disturbance plays a leading role in producing the cerebral edema (cytotoxic edema), whereas the disturbance of the vascular permeability later plays a leading role (vasogenic edema).

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Our previous study of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, revealed a difference in density between tadpole and frog erythrocytes. It also showed that tadpole erythrocytes were replaced by adult ones during metamorphosis, corresponding to the transition of hemoglobin molecules from the tadpole type to the adult type. As a biochemical approach to elucidate the mechanisms involved in these events, protein components of the nucleated erythrocyte membranes of the bullfrog and the tadpole were investigated in relation to those of human, chicken and eel erythrocyte membranes.
The results obtained are as follows :
1) The membrane preparations which were obtained from nucleated erythrocytes of the bullfrog and the tadpole by means of sucrose density centrifugation were substantially free from nuclear and mitochondrial membranes. Proteolysis of the membrane proteins found during the preparation was effectively prevented by sodium bisulfite.
2) SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the frog erythrocyte membrane had similar protein components to the human erythrocyte membrane, with the exception that the former had proteins in band 4.5 region, not found in the latter.
3) As judged by electrophoresis, the erythrocyte membrane of the adult frog was distinct from that of the tadpole in its composition of proteins in band 4.5 region : the former showed three bands, named a, b and c, while the latter showed only the band b.
4) When the circulating erythrocytes of tadpoles undergoing metamorphosis were separated into three fractions by density gradient centrifugation, the membranes of erythrocytes equilibrating in a low density showed the protein profile of the adult frog, while those equilibrating in a high density showed that of the tadpole. This indicates that two different cell lines coexist in the circulating blood of the tadpole at the metamorphic stage.
5) The proteins of band 4.5 and 5 were purified from the adult frog erythrocyte membrane and their amino acid composition were analysed. Band 5 proteins had a very similar amino acid composition to muscle actin, but 4.5 a, b and c had several different amino acids from muscle actin.

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This study was undertaken to find a clue to reducing loss of blood during myomectomy. Corrosion-casting specimens (blood vessel mold samples) were prepared from uterine myoma to observe the angioarchitecture surrounding the uterine myomnodes. A laser beam was radiated to the blood vessel mold samples and the amount of transmitted beams was measured to find the degree of vasculatity in the myomnodes and uterine body regions.
The following results were obtained :
1) In a comparison between subserous and intramurales myomas as to the formation of the vascular plexus externally surrounding the myoma muscle a partial defect of the vascular plexus was observed in most cases of subserous myoma.
2) A study of the size of the myomnodes and the intrusion of blood vessels in the nodes revealed that myomnodes smaller than the size of a golf ball had fewer vessels invaded.
3) The number of vessels intruding into the myomnodes was not more than all being less than 1 mm in their lumen.
4) An investigation of the size of the myomnodes and the number of fairly large vessels (lumen : more than 1 mm) contained in the externally surrounding vascular plexus disclosed that large vessles existed in most vascular plexuses externally surrounding myomnodes larger than the size of a golf ball.
5) Measurements of the amount of transmittance of the laser beam showed that the angioarchitecture of the uterine body where no myomnodes existed was denser than that of the uterine body where myomnodes were present.
6) The vascular distribution in the transversal axis direction (a direction connecting the oviduct angles on both sides) of the uterine body seemed to be denser than that in the longitudinal axis direction, but no significant differences were observed in the present study.

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That intestinal lactase (β-D-galactoside galactohydrolase EC 3.2.1.23) plays the major role in nutrition of neonatal mammals has been already well established. The presence of several isozymes was recognized in small intestine by electrophoresis. It has been suggested that the lactase isozymes exhibit different attitudes according to the stages of postnatal development of the animals.
To characterize the properties of lactase isozymes: in animal nutrition, the auther has purified lactase-phlorizin hydrolase complex from intestinal microvilli fraction of suckling rats by means of papain solubilization, followed by chromatographies on Sepharose 2 B, Sephadex G 200, and DEAE cellulose. On DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography, lactase fraction was separated into two peaks. The first peak was eluted at 60 mM potassium phosphate buffer (peak 1), whereas the second peak was eluted at 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (peak 2). Isoelectric points (pIs) of peak 1 were at 4.80 and 4.72, and those of peak 2 were at 4.52 and 4.44. These two peaks behaved differently during polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. But molecular weights, Km values of lactase, and lactase/phlorizin hydrolase ratios in two peaks were almost identical. These findings suggest that there are approximately four isozymes in intestinal lactases of suckling rats, as distinguished by the differences of their intramolecular net charges. Intestinal lactases from adult rats were also obtained by the same procedures, and the properties of the enzymes were compared with those of suckling rats. There were also four isozymes in lactases of adult rats, and their pis corresponded closely to those of suckling rats. In comparison of total units of activity in DEAE cellulose chromatography, peak 1/peak 2 ratio was 1/1, 56 in suckling rats, whereas that in adult rats was 1/0.22. Accordingly, in suckling rats the activity of acidic isozymes seemed to be dominant as compared with that in adult rat.

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A comparative clinical assessment of the surgical and palliative treatments of the cases of the hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage in the Nippon Medical School Hospital and affiliated hospitals in past three years has been performed in this communication.
One handred and forty two cases in this series were diagnosed as having acute hypertensive intracerebral homorrhage by the CT scan study.
Among then, 71 cases of the putaminal hemorrhage were confirmed (male 46 cases, female 25 cases). The age groups varies from 26 years to 83 years and average age was 57 years old.
The patient groups were divided into three categories :
A: 36 cases which received surgical manipulation to remove the hematoma (51%).
B : 32 cases which received palliative treatment (45%).
C: 3 cases which received the continuous ventricular drainage (4%).
In this series the comparative assessment between (A) and (B) was attempted.
The frequency of post-operative fatality within six months was ten cases (28%) among 36 cases, while eleven cases (34%) of fatality was observed in 32 palliatively treated cases.
All cases were classified, based on the classification criteria of the putaminal hemorrhage, using CT scan and neurological severity. Moreover, amount of hematoma and age, predilection of hemisphere, which hemisphere is more predominantly involved and complication were evaluated as contributing factors.
The most closely related factors relating with the prognosis were CT scan neurological severity criteria and amount of the hematoma. The ages and preponderance of hemisphere location apper to be acting as cardinal influencing factors to the prognosis.
The most appropriate group for surgical manipulation was turned out as Na of the CT scan classification with less severity below Bra of the neurological severity classification. The surgical manipulation of the designated group gives much more favoured outcome, comparing to the group which received palliative treatment, in both functional aspect and the life expectancy.
The surgically treated patients who had large hematoma with grades, varying II to Ina in CT scan and under II to III in neurological severity classification, revealed much better ADL (activities of daily living) comparing to the palliatively treated ones.
All cases I, II and III a in CT classification with neurological severity grade I had favourable results and it is thought that no indication for operative procedure.
Almost all cases of Nb to V in CT classification with grading beyond Nb in neurological severity grading had extremely fatal outcome and no significant choice for therapy was consid -ered.
Based on these observations, it is concluded that the most appropriate indication for surgical manipulation for hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage is justified as group of Na in CT scan classification and grades below Na in neurological severity grading.

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Vascular fragility in senile people is considered to have a close connection with hypertension, arteriosclerosis and cerebral apoplexy. It is therefore necessary to check the fragility for preventive purposes. Healthy aged subjects having normal blood pressure, hypertensive aged subjects and patients having cerebrovascular disturbances were included in this study. Their capillary resistance (fragility) was measured as one index of the vascular fragility. The results were compared with other factors related to hypertension and arteriosclerosis such as blood pressure, capillary permeability, blood viscosity, platelet adhesiveness, serum lipids, with the following results.
1) The capillary fragility of the aged subjects was higher in cases of higher systolic pressure.
2) Fluid movement across the capillary walls was less in the group of capillary fragility, but there was not a definite tendency as regards the protein loss.
3) The platelet adhesiveness in the group of capillary fragility (+++) was significantly higher than that of the negative groups (-).
4) No relation was established between vascular fragility and hyperlipidemia.
5) The hypertensive aged subjects and patients of cerebrovascular diseases were found to have a higher capillary fragility and there was less fluid movement across the capillary walls than in the healthy aged subjects.

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A statistical study was made on all the cases of alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses in the neuropsychiatric Nippon Medical School Hospital during the last decade from Jan. 1, 1970 to Dec. 31, 1979.
The peak of the age distribution was observed at the age between 30 and 40. The mean age was 44.5 years old. Eight out of 62 cases (14.8%) were female. Forty-one cases (66.1%) had no history of previous asychiatric consultation. All except a case (98.4%) were residents of Kanto district of the central part of Japan. Thirty-six patients (58.1%) were referred by local doctors. Thirty-nine (62.9%) had alcohol dependence syndrome. Eleven (17.8%) were hospitalized for further evaluation and therapy. The average duration of the hospitalization for these patients was 32.6 day.

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During the macroscopic dissecting practice in 1980, two Japanese male cases of bilateral superior caval veins were detected. Such anomalous cases are the 33 rd and 34 th ones in Japanese cadavers and the 2 nd and the 3 rd reported in Nippon Medical School, respectively. According to Adachi, the frequency of the occurrence of bilateral caval veins in adults is estimated at 0.5+0.25%.
Case 1 is a 71-year-old male subject. The anomalous left superior caval vein is formed by the union of the left internal jugular, external jugular, subclavian, and vertebral veins. Descending laterally to the aortic arch, it passes through between the left auricle and the left pulmonary veins to enter the coronary sulcus. Then it runs to the right in the coronary sulcus, and opens as the coronary sinus into the right atrium. The right superior caval vein is formed by the union of the right internal jugular, external jugular, subclavian, vertebral, and inferior thyroid veins. This vein runs ordinary course and opens into the right atrium. The left and right superior caval veins measure 10mm and 12mm in caliber respectively.
Case 2 is a 78-year-old male. The left and right superior caval veins are formed by the union of the internal jugular, external jugular, and subclavian veins on each side and run identical course with the above-mentioned case 1 to reach the right atrium. The left and right superior caval veins measure 16mm and 18mm in caliber respectively.
In both cases, between the left and right superior caval veins, a small communicating branch which is justifiable as the left brachiocephalic vein is present. Thus it is concluded that these two cases may fall into category U which is described by McCotter. The hearts both in case 1 and 2 disclose strikingly dilated coronary sinus and measure 29mm and 31mm in caliber respectively at their orifices into the right atriums.
From the embryological point of view, it is postulated that this anomaly is resulted from the complete persistence of the left anterior and common cardinal veins. Moreover, it is of noteworthy, that, in the case 1, completely paired azygos veins are revealed. This is the 3rd case in anatomical literature reported in Japan.

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