The small intestine is so narrow, long, winding and remote from either mouth or anal that the insertion of a fiberscope into the small intestine is very difficult. We are now trying three kinds of endoscopic insertion methods i. e., push, sonde and ropeway of which my original ropeway method is the only way to get a chance to survey all along the small intestine.
Although the small intestinal fiberscopy has already been one of the useful examinations for practical clinics, it has been not yet a routine examination because of technical difficulties for insertion. Therefore, the indications for the fiberscopy include the cases showing small intestinal trias, that is, colic from an unknown cause, bleedings from the digestive tract (melena) from an unknown cause and malabsorption.
And now, the study of the pathophysiology of the small intestine laying stress on digestion and absorption can't be made complete without the fiberscopy.
The morphological and functional study on the small intestine has been proceeding by an analysis of many biopsy specimens taken by the fiberscopy, and by the morphological analysis of villi by the endoscopic close-up method developed recently. The mobility of villi which are important to digestion and absorption has been successfuly recorded on 16mm movie film. And then, the loading endoscopy which uses dye or fat has been put to practical use.
Thus, much is expected of the small intestinal fiberscopy in the clinical diagnosis.

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It has been reported that isoproterenol or histamine increases the cAMP level in mast cells of the rat and, in lymphocytes of the mouse as well, according to the recent studies. However, no information is available on the effect of bradykinin on cAMP levels in lymphocytes, though the pharmacological characteristics of bradykinin and histamine are very similar and the receptors for histamine or bradykinin in lymphocytes might be closely related with each other.
In the present experiments the effect of bradykinin on cAMP levels in various lymphocytes of mice was investigated. It was shown that bradykinin, as well as histamine, elevated cAMP levels in murine splenic or splenic T cell-enriched lymphocytes, lymph node lymphocytes and cortisone-resistant thymocytes, but did not increase those in immature thymocytes isolated from non-treated mice. On the other hand, isoproterenol increased the cAMP level more conspiciously in normal thymocytes than in cortisone-resistant ones. Bradykinin or histamine increased the cAMP level more markedly in splenic T cell-enriched lymphocytes than in splenic non-separated lymphocytes.
These results suggest that bradykinin, as well as histamine, may play an important role in the immunological regulation of cellular lymphocyte responses.

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Cardio-cerebral apoplexy is defined as non typical myocardial infarction. The cardinal symptomes of the entity are consisted of cerebro-vascular disorder and also charactarized by frequent occurence in older age over 70 years old and malacic lesion of brain, as described by Fujii. However, its detailed pathological study has not been documented so far. In order to elucidate the pathological base of cardio-cerebral apoplexy, it is necesary to perform further pathological study of typical cases of this disease condition, which constitutes the correlation study of the cardiac lesions of cerebro-vascular diseases and cerebral lesions of myocardial infarction, respectively.
The author examined cardiac lesions of 48 autopsy cases of cerebral infarction, 27 autopsy cases of cerebral hemorrhage and 13 autopsy cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage. A pathological study of coronary trunk lesions and myocardial fibrosis in these cases has been attempted.
Twelve cases 25% of cerebral infarction and 1 case 8% of subarachnoid hemorrhage were associated with myocardial infarction and 4 cases of them were regarded as cases of typical cardiocerebral apoplexy. In these cases the author has not been able to identify the mural thrombus, but in 4 cases the author observe hypotensive episode. Moreover, in many cases involving cases of myocardial infarction, in cases of cerebral infarction 79% the author observed marked myocardial fibrosis which strongly suggeset the presence of coronary insufficiency. These ischemic myocardial lesions myocardial infarction and marked myocardial fibrosis were apparrently prominent in cases of cerebral infarction particulary over 50 years old than in cases of cerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. If the author classify cerebral infarction to massive cortical encephalomalacia, multiple small encephalomalacia and few small encephalomalacia, ischemic myocardial lesions are usually outstanding in the group of multiple small encephalomalacia.
Based on these observations, it may be presumable that the hitherto described cardio-cerebral apoplexy is a pattern of extreme severity and various cases varying in slight to moderate degree in clinical course, which could well be defined as ischemic cardio-encephalopathy should be existed and this could be the matter of further confirmation in future.

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It is reported that large dose of D-Galactosamine (Gal N) induce some cellular changes in rat liver. The cellular changes are described to be closely similar to that of human viral hepatitis. However, very few works have been carried out to make experimental liver lesion with Gal-N using various strains of mice. The present paper is to evaluate a possibility of using mice as an experimental model of the human viral hepatitis.
C3H/He and dd mice treated with Gal-N showed the marked increase in serum transaminase (GPT, GOT) activity and the large accumulation of inflammatory cells in liver histologically. These changes in mice just reveal a striking similarity to the human viral hepatitis. The responses in sera and liver cells were most remarkable at 24hrs and 48hrs after treated with Gal-N. After 72hrs, the biochemical and histological restitutions to normal stage were observed. Female group showed the responses stronger both in biochemical and histological changes than the male group, and dd mice were more sensitive to Gal-N than C3H/He. From these observations, a possibility was suggested that C3H/He and dd mice treated with Gal-N could be used for experimental model of the human viral hepatitis like disease. Further studies to elucidate the difference in sensitivities against Gal-N under various conditions of strains, sex and age are also necessary.

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The effects of cyclophosphamide on the activities of the three kinds of T-cells shown below were investigated. Namely, (i) immunocompetent T-cells appearing at the time of immunization with homologous carrier antigen, (ii) T-cells participating in delayed type skin reactions and (iii) T-cells taking part in in vitro transformation.
The results of theinvestigation are as follows :
1) Cyclophosphamide did not show suppressive effect on the activity of helper T cells in production of anti-DNP antibody.
2) Cyclophosphamide exhibited suppressive effect on antigen-induced in vitro transformation, if administered during or after immunization. The strongest suppressive effect was observed, if administered simultaneously with antigen.
3) The treatment of cyclophosphamide did not affect the induction of local transfer of delayed type skin hypersensitivity. The local transfer test with nylon adherent lymphocytes separated from nylon wool column gave negative results, if the lymphocytes were obtained from the guinea pigs not treated with cyclophosphamide, but positive results if they were from the guinea pigs treated with cyclophosphamide.
These results suggest that the suppressor cells induced in LNC (A) might be eliminated by cyclophosphamide.

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Characteristics of persistently infected Vero cell lines, R-5-PI-Vero and 448-PI-Vero, established in our laboratory were studied. A persistently infected cell line, 448-PI-Vero was completely cured with 0.3% human γ-globulin in culture medium, and the cured cell culture did not yield infective virus. In the cured cells, neither the virus specific antigen nor a virus specific protein, presumably nucleocapsid protein, was detected with the imrnunofluorescent technique and SDS-PAGE, respectively.
Homologous interference phenomenon, which had been shown in the 448-PI-Vero, was not observed in the cured cell culture. These findings suggest that our persistently infected cell culture is a carrier culture.
Virus replication in 448-PI-Vero decreased at 39.5C, but recovered when the incubation temperature was shifted to 35C. Temperature-sensitivity, in terms of EOP (39.5C) / (35C), has decreased in virus from 448-PI-Vero, as compared to the original P-448 virus which was a temperature-sensitive mutant.
Replication of virus in 448-PI-Vero was not inhibited with 1 μg/ml actinomycin D, but inhibited with 1 ii. μg/ml cycloheximide with a lag of 6 hours.
Thermostability of virus from R-5-PI-Vero and 448-PI-Vero did not considerably differ from the original R-5 and P-448 virus, respectivel.

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The changes of S-GPT S-GOT, etc. were studied in 48 patients of acute viral hepatitis (AVH), in whom corticosteroid (CS group) was used in 10, and 8 patients in various states of acute circulatory disturbances (ACD group). In acute viral hepatitis not receiving CS (AVH group), GPT and GOT decreased rectilinearly or almost rectilinearly when plotted on a semilogarithmic graph, and the half-lives were calculated as 3.65+0.89 and 2.81+1.27 days, respectively. The half-lives in ACD and CS were significantly shorter than that in AVH. The latter fact verifies the effectiveness of CS on hepatitis, indicating that the comparison of the half-lives is useful for evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment. A half-lives of GOT was significant correlation between half-lives of the transaminases and the liver function tests examined on admission, except the negative correlation between the half-life and the initial value of GOT. The number of days required for decrease of GPT and GOT to 100 unit were estimated using the half-lives. The obtained values were in good accordance with the actual ones. The number of days estimated for normalization of GPT and GOT (35 and 40 units, respectively) calculated in a similar manner were shorter than the actual ones, but a good coincidence was, obtained by adding 5 days to the calculated values. In most cases showing discrepancies between the predicted and actual days required for normalization, the reason of discordance was found. In cases of AVH admitted before 1970, the predicted days for normalization coincided with the actual ones almost similarly to the present series, indicating the practical usefulness of the prediction using half-life. There was no difference in the half-life between GOTm and GOT, but in some cases GOTm was observed to be more useful for prediction of the course of the disease. The slopes from the initial value of GPT to 100 and 35 units were 46.. and 36.. respectively, in average in the cases, in which the predicted and actual days were not differed by more than 5. Construction using these slopes makes also the prediction of the number of days required for normalization. The days thus obtained were not so much differed from those calculated from half-life in the present series of AVH, and rather better in the old cases.

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