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Studies on the Pest Control Method Utilizing Boom-type Blow Heads in Paddy Fields (Part 3)
Yoshiyuki HANKAWA, Tetsuyuki KOHGUCHI
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
1-8
Published: February 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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Effects of physical properties of dusts on deposit distribution on application with a boom-type blow head was investigated by using dust preparations containing no active ingredient. The amount of dust deposited below the basal zone of the blow head was positively correlated with the percentage of particles less than 10μm in diameter and negatively with the mean diameter of the particles. From the basal to the middle zone, the amount was positively correlated with the flowability and the percentage of particles less than 10μm and negatively with the bulk density. From the middle to the end zone, distribution was positively correlated with the bulk density, the mean particle diameter and the percentage of particles more than 31μm, and negatively with the drift index and the percentage of particles less than 10μm. At the tip of the blow head, distribution was negatively correlated with the mean diameter and the percentage of particles of 31 to 50μm. When the shutter lever was set at 6/10, there was a significantly positive correlation between the mean particle diameter and the discharge rate. When less-drifting dust (DL) was applied at a 6/10 shutter opening used for regular dust (RD), the discharge rate was extremely high, appreciably reduced at a shutter opening of 5/10.
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Rakesh KUMAR, Somari GIRI, NIZAMUDDIN
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
9-13
Published: February 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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Several 1-phenyl-3-substituted-4-styryl-2-azetidinones (
II) and (
III) have been synthesized by the annulation of aryloxy acetyl chloride/acyl chloride on
N-(3-phenyl-2-propenylidene)-substituted anilines (
I) in the presence of Et
3N. All the compounds have been tested against three species of fungi, viz.
A. niger,
A. flavus and
H. oryzae, and also two species of aquatic fungi responsible for fish mycoses. Based on the screening data, attempt has been made to throw light on structure-activity relationship.
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Mitsuaki TAKENAKA, Yojiro HIROTA, Toshinobu TANAKA, Hisao SUGIURA, Nob ...
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
15-24
Published: February 20, 1993
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Derivatives of (
RS)-2-[(2-furylmethyl) (imidazol-1-ylcarbonyl) amino] alkanoate were synthesized in large numbers and their fungitoxic activity against
Gibberella fujikuroi,
Cochliobolus miyabeanus and
Pyricularia oryzae was measured in
in vitro and
in vivo tests. Most of the compounds exhibited strong activity against
G. fujikuroi; besides, some of them were also highly fungitoxic against
C. miyabeanus and
P. oryzae. Their activity varied according to the carbon chain length of substituents R
1 at α-position of the alkanoates and R
2 at the ester moiety. The result of
in vitro evaluation showed that compounds having ethyl or
n-propyl groups at R
1 and alkyl or alkenyl groups with four to seven carbon numbers, cycloalkylalkyl or aralkyl groups at R
2, had good activity. It also suggested that the distance between the furan ring and the nitrogen atom at α-position of alkanoates played a role in determining antifungal activity. In addition, replacement of the furan ring with tetrahydrofuran, or imidazole ring with triazole decreased the activity. Among the compounds tested in the
in vitro and
in vivo tests, 4-pentenyl (
RS)-2-[(2-furylmethyl) (imidazol-1-ylcarbonyl)-amino] butanoate was most promising in activity against the three species of fungi causing no phytotoxicity and was chosen for further evaluation to be put into practical use.
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Fungitoxic Activity of N-Phenylformamidoxime Compounds (Part 3)
Akira NAKATA, Izumi KUMITA, Sho HASHIMOTO, Shinsuke SANO, Koichi HAYAK ...
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
25-29
Published: February 20, 1993
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This paper is on relationships between systemic, curative and residual efficacies of 17
N-phenylformamidoximes in control of gray mold of kidney bean and cucumber, and Cercospora leaf spot of sugar beet infected with isolates resistant to benzimidazoles and preventive efficacy or log
P of the compounds. Against these diseases both systemic and curative efficacies increased as log
P values decreased, and residual efficacy showed a positive correlation to log
P values. Systemic, curative and residual efficacies of the com-pounds in control of the plant diseases were primarily dependent on their intrinsic activity and hydrophobicity.
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Studies on Acyclic Nitroethene Compounds (Part 1)
Isao MINAMIDA, Koichi IWANAGA, Takanori TABUCHI, Hideki UNEME, Hirokaz ...
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
31-40
Published: February 20, 1993
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A series of acyclic nitroethene compounds containing a 3-pyridylmethylamino group in the β-carbon atom were synthesized, and their insecticidal activities were examined. The compounds into whose 1-carbon atom of 1-(3-pyridylmethyl)amino-2-nitroethene a methylamino (
9a-5) or a dimethylamino group (
9a-22) was introduced were more effective against
Nilaparvata lugens and
Laodelphax striatellus than against
Nephotettix cincticeps. An introduction of larger alkylamino groups decreased the activity. Successive modifications of the 1-methylamino-1-(3-pyridylmethyl)amino-2-nitroethene revealed that an introduction of a methyl or ethyl group into the nitrogen atom attached to the 3-pyridylmethyl group enhanced the activity. Compounds, such as 1-methylamino-1-[
N-methyl(ethyl)-
N-(3-pyridylmethyl)]amino-2-nitroethene (
9b-1, 2), exhibited potent activity against not only
N. lugens and
L. striatellus but also
N. cincticeps.
View full abstract
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Studies on Acylic Nitroethene Compounds (Part 2)
Isao MINAMIDA, Koichi IWANAGA, Takanori TABUCHI, Isao AOKI, Takafumi F ...
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
41-48
Published: February 20, 1993
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Several 1-[
N-(heteroaromatic-methyl)-
N-methyl]amino-1-methylamino-2-nitroethenes (
5a) were prepared, and their insecticidal activities against
Nilaparvata lugens were examined. Among them 6-chloro-3-pyridyl (
5a-8), 6-bromo-3-pyridyl (
5a-9), 6-fluoro-3-pyridyl (
5a-10) and 2-chloro-5-thiazolyl (
5a-11) congeners showed 100% mortality against the insect at 0.5 or 0.8ppm. Modifications of these compounds and the 2-bromo-5-thiazolyl congener by changing the methylamino group to (substituted) amino groups and/or the methyl group attaching to the heteroaromatic-methylamino group to other groups revealed that a lot of compounds were effective against the insect at 0.5 or 0.8ppm. Compounds that showed 100% mortality at 0.5 or 0.8ppm, and
5b-1 whose activity at lower concentrations was not determined were chosen for further evaluations. As a result, 1-[
N-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-
N-ethyl]amino-1-methylamino-2-nitroethene (
5b-8, TI-304, nitenpyram) was selected as a candidate.
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Masatsugu ODA, Toshiro SAKAKI, Naoko SASAKI, Harumi NONAKA, Kenji YAMA ...
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
49-57
Published: February 20, 1993
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Fungicidal activities of
N-(substituted-aryl)-2-chloropyridine-3-carboxamides against grey mold (
Botrytis cinerea) and rice sheath blight (
Rhizoctonia solani) were analyzed quantitatively by using their physicochemical and structural parameters and the multiple regression technique. The results clearly indicated that alkyl substituents at a position
ortho to the amino group (
Iso) and molecular hydrophobicity (log
k′) were important factors in determining antifungal activity against grey mold. With respect to activity against rice sheath blight, the studies demonstrated that the presence of alkyl groups at
meta-position (
Ism) along with molecular size (
IR5 and
VW) were significantly influential towards antifungal activity.
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Hideo NISHIZAWA, Kazuhiko MOTOBA, Takashi SUZUKI, Tetsuji OHSHIMA, Hir ...
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
59-66
Published: February 20, 1993
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Metabolism of fenpyroximate,
tert-butyl (
E)-α-(1, 3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazol-4-ylmethyleneaminooxy)-
p-toluate in rats was studied. After a single oral administration of [pyrazole-3-
14C], [phenyl-
14C(U)] or [benzene ring-
14C(U)]fenpyroximate, the radiocarbon level in the blood increased to reach the maximum level of 0.18, 0.16 or 0.18μg fenpyroximate eq./ml at 12, 12 or 9hr, respectively, and then decreased at a half-life of 11.3, 10.6 or 9hr, respectively. The radiocarbons in
14C-fenpyroximate were rapidly and almost completely excreted into the urine and feces within 72hr. The excretion rates of radiocarbon into the urine and feces were 26.2 and 65.5% for [pyrazole-3-
14C], 26.1 and 63.9% for [phenyl-
14C(U)] and 6.4 and 86.9% for [benzene ring-
14C(U)]fenpyroximate, respectively. Urinary metabolites identified were 1, 3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, 4-cyano-1-methyl-5-phenoxypyrazole-3-carboxylic acid and terephthalic acid. Major metabolites in the feces were (
E)-4-[(1, 3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazol-4-yl)methyleneaminooxymethyl]benzoic acid, (
E)-2-[4-[(1, 3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazol-4-yl)methyleneaminooxymethyl]benzoyloxy]-2-methylpropionic acid, (
E)-2-[4-[[1, 3-dimethyl-5-(4-hydroxy)phenoxypyrazol-4-yl]methyleneaminooxymethyl]benzoyloxy]-2-methylpropionic acid, (
E)-2-[4-[(1-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-5-phenoxypyrazol-4-yl) methyleneaminooxymethyl] benzoyloxy]-2-methylpropionic acid and 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid. Fenpyroximate seemed to be metabolized
via oxidation of the
t-butyl group and methyl group at 3-position in the pyrazole ring,
p-hydroxylation in the phenoxy moiety,
N-demethylation, hydrolysis of the
t-butyl ester, cleavage of the oxime ether bond and/or
E/
Z isomerization.
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Yoshio IZAWA, Atsuko HIRANO, Shunji FUNAYAMA, Matazaemon UCHIDA
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
67-75
Published: February 20, 1993
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Degradation of [pyrazole-3-
14C]-or [benzyl ring-14C(U)]fenpyroximate (
tert-butyl (
E)-α-[1, 3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazol-4-ylmethyleneamino-oxy]-
p-toluate) was studied in Ehime (diluvial) and Kanagawa (volcanic ash) soils under upland laboratory conditions. Soils (25g) fortified with
14C-fenpyroximate (1.30-2.12ppm) were incubated at 25°C for 112 days in the dark. The compound degraded with half-lives of 34.3-49.7 days in the Ehime soil and of 26.3-35.6 days in the Kanagawa soil. In the soil extracts, twelve degradation products were identified by TLC-co-chromatography, with authentic compounds. Major degradation products were (
E)-4-[(1, 3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazol-4-yl)-methyleneaminooxymethyl]benzoic acid (
5), 1, 3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (
12) and 1, 3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazole-4-carbonitrile (
9). In both soils,
14C-carbon dioxide liberated from [pyrazole-
14C]fenpyroximate during the 112 days accounted for 16.9-17.1% of the applied radioactivity, and that from [benzyl-
14C]fenpyroximate for 51.2-64.6%. Fenpyroximate degradation and CO
2 evolution were negligible in sterilized soils during the incubation. It was assumed that fenpyroximate degraded through hydrolysis of
tert-butyl ester, isomerization or cleavage of the oxime ether structure,
N-demethylation, oxidation of the methyl group at the 3-position on the pyrazole ring and hydroxylation of the phenoxy ring, and that it finally mineralized to CO
2 and/or bound to soil organic matter.
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Roongnapa KORPRADITSKUL, Arata KATAYAMA, Shozo KUWATSUKA
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
77-83
Published: February 20, 1993
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Effects of soil properties and microorganisms on the degradation of the herbicide atrazine was studied using five Japanese (alluvial and volcanic ash soils) and two Thai soils (alluvial and calcareous soils). Among soil properties, soil pH showed the highest positive correlation to the half-life of atrazine in the soils (
r=0.79). Differences in the atrazine degradation rates in the soils at the same pH suggested that effects of other soil properties were also involved. Comparison of the atrazine degradation rates in sterilized (autoclaved) and nonsterilized soils indicated that the contribution of chemical degradation to atrazine degradation was more than 80% in a pH range of 4 to 8. The long-term application of atrazine did not increase the degradation rates. Although the contribution of microbial degradation was less than 20% and distinct only after 20 days of incubation, the population of atrazine degraders was 10
5-10
6 cells/g soil even in soils virgin to atrazine. This suggested that the microbial degradation of atrazine was mainly determined not by the population of atrazine degraders, but by soil conditions they work under.
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Hiroyoshi OMOKAWA, Masaaki TAKEUCHI, Makoto KONNAI
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
85-90
Published: February 20, 1993
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Effects of surfactants, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether and the Silwet L-77, on penetration of propanil through
Commelina adaxial epidermis were investigated in terms of concentration and EO molarity of the surfactants and stomatal condition of the epidermis. The initial penetration rates of propanil varied widely. In 70% of the epidermis they were below 70pmol/mm
2/hr. On microscopical observation, most stomata on the surface remained closed throughout the penetration experiment. There was no significant correlation between the initial penetration rates and the number of stomata. The promotive effect of surfactants was high when the initial penetration rate was low, approaching 1 as the rate increased. There was an exponential relationship between the initial penetration rate (
X) and the penetration rate (
Y) after surfactant addition. The relationship is expressed as,
Y=
ea·
Xb. Surfactant efficiency to promote penetration was evaluated by two approaches: (i) by substitution and (ii) by plotting coefficients
a and
b. There was a parabolic relationship between the EO molarity of surfactant and the promotive effect, and surfactant NP (8) was the most effective in enhancing. There was a linear relationship when coefficient
b was plotted against coefficient
a, and that showed a difference in effectiveness in enhancing penetration among the surfactants. The Silwet L-77 significantly promoted non-pore penetration.
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Motohiro TOMIZAWA, Izuru YAMAMOTO
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
91-98
Published: February 20, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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Structure-activity relationships (SAR) of imidacloprid [1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-
N-nitro-imidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] and nineteen related compounds studied from their insecticidal activity to the green rice leafhopper and from the binding affinity to the α-bungarotoxin (α-BGTX) binding site of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) from the honeybee were compared with those of nicotinoids. The results indicated that both groups were closely related in terms of sharing the same binding site, the same essential moiety (3-pyridylmethylamino) and the similar SAR. In nicotinoids, the amino nitrogen atom is highly basic and ionized in the organisms, while the nitrogen atom seems partially positive due to the electron-withdrawing neighboring group in the imidacloprid related compounds.
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Studies on Wetting Phenomena on Plant Leaf Surfaces (Part 4)
Tadakazu WATANABE, Isamu YAMAGUCHI
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
99-107
Published: February 20, 1993
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The specific adhesional force (
Fs) of 0.2% aqueous solutions of surfactants (surface tension γ
1: 28.5-72.5mN m
-1) on the surfaces of crop leaves and wax composition analogues were calculated with a new static approach. On rice, wheat, Job's tears, cabbage and corn with wettability characteristics WCP-I, air-film was formed at high γ
1 values to produce a large and almost the same θ
a (maximal advancing contact-angle) and θ
r (minimal receding contact-angle) (hence, a small or zero Δθ=θ
a-θ
r) to make a small or zero
Fs, but a large Δθ abruptly appeared at 40-62mN m
-1 of γ
1 (hence, a large
Fs), then
Fs, decreased almost linearly to γ
1 as γ
1 declined further. On cotton, orange, cowpea, pimento, sweet potato and broad bean and on wax analogues with WCP-II,
Fs was larger at higher γ
1 values without formation of air film and decreased almost proportionally to γ
1. The magnitude of
Fs seemed to be controlled primarily by the surface tension γ
1 of droplet and the microstructure of surface, and the difference in
Fs among the surfaces used was considered to be governed mainly by Δθ corresponding to the roughness of the microstructure.
View full abstract
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Isao UEYAMA, Yasuo ARAKI, Shin KUROGOCHI, Isamu YAMAGUCHI
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
109-117
Published: February 20, 1993
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14C-Labeled pencycuron was applied to four strains of
Rhizoctonia solani different in the sensitivity to this fungicide. Of the four strains two were sensitive (S1=C-423, AG-1, and S2=R-C, AG-4) and the other two tolerant (T1=Rh-131, AG-4 and T2=SH-1, AG-5) to pencycuron. Strain S1 metabolized 85% of the pencycuron in a 0.5ppm liquid medium, while strains S2, T1 and T2 slowly metabolized only 10-20% of the pencycuron 24hr after incubation. Main metabolites were
cis and
trans-3-hydroxycyclopentyl pencycuron (P-1 and P-2, respectively), whose fungicidal activity was weaker than pencycuron. This suggested that pencycuron itself is an ultimate active substance, and that metabolic activation or detoxification is less important to explain the difference among the strains in the sensitivity to pencycuron.
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Imidacloprid and Analogous Insecticides (Part IV)
Koichi MORIYA, Katsuhiko SHIBUYA, Yumi HATTORI, Shin-ichi TSUBOI, Kozo ...
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
119-123
Published: February 20, 1993
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Hiromichi ISHIKAWA, Tsunehiro KIDO, Takashi UMEDA, Hiroshi OHYAMA
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
125-126
Published: February 20, 1993
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Shogo MATSUMOTO, Adrien FÓNAGY, Liliane SCHOOFS, Arnold DE LOOF ...
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
127-129
Published: February 20, 1993
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Akio MIYAZAKI, Mitsuo KAWARADANI, Shingo MARUMO
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
131-133
Published: February 20, 1993
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1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
e1
Published: 1993
Released on J-STAGE: August 05, 2010
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Hideaki MATSUOKA
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
S1-S5
Published: February 20, 1993
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Keiko NAKAMURA, Yoshiyasu YABUSAKI
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
S7-S12
Published: February 20, 1993
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
S15-S18
Published: February 20, 1993
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Registration Section, Development Department, Agro
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
S19-S24
Published: February 20, 1993
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A wide variety of toxicological studies on Quinoclamin have been conducted to assess its safety. The results of these studies support the view that this herbicide is safe in practical use when employed as recommended.
Mogeton Granule herbicide which contains Quinoclamin as its active ingredient was registered by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries in Japan in 1968 and the “Standard for withholding registration” was established with 0.03ppm for rice and vegetables.
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
S25-S27
Published: February 20, 1993
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
S28-S29
Published: February 20, 1993
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[in Japanese]
1993 Volume 18 Issue 1 Pages
S30-S31
Published: February 20, 1993
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