Journal of Pesticide Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0923
Print ISSN : 1348-589X
ISSN-L : 0385-1559
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Volume 29, Issue 4
Displaying 1-26 of 26 articles from this issue
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Reviews
  • Contemporary Issues on Pesticide Safety
    Fumio Matsumura
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 299-303
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.299
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    At any given moment there are always new issues on pesticide safety. Some of those issues are forced by the society based on the emergence of new threats, the changing attitude of the general public or complaints by action groups representing special interests of certain sub-populations. Others are the results of new scientific discoveries, technological development and/or introduction of new compounds. In this paper an effort has been made to analyze some of the recent issues from the viewpoint of categorizing them into several major types of safety issues in order to clarify the reason behind those issues, and thereby to assist the process of achieving the balance of effective use of pesticides and their safety. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Plant Ion Channels as Potential Targets of Agro-Chemicals
    Eiji Okuma, Yoshiyuki Murata
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 304-307
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.304
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    In the past 20 years, plant ion channels have been studied electrophysiologically, genetically and biochemically. However, much less study has been done on plant ion channels than animal and insect ion channels, especially in the field of pharmacology. Plant ion channels can serve as targets of agro-chemicals to control growth, stress tolerance and disease resistance, since they mediate physiological processes, like animal and insect ion channels. In this article, we review the current status of research on plant ion channels, in order to present guiding principles for designing new plant growth regulators and disease controlling agents. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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Original Articles
  • Effects of 6-Benzylaminopurine and Ethephon Applications on Flowering and Morphology in Summer-to-Autumn-Flowering Chrysanthemum under Open Field Conditions
    Hiroyuki Sugiura
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 308-312
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.308
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    All summer-to-autumn-flowering chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morfolium Ramat) cultivars sprayed with 0.1–1.0 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine (6BAP) flowered 2.2–3.9 days earlier than controls, however, 6BAP at using 10 mg/l inhibited flowering. Stem lengths of all cultivars treated with 0.1–1.0 mg/l of 6BAP were as long as control values, however, those of plants sprayed with 10 mg/l were 11.2–15.1 cm shorter. Flowering in ‘Seiun’ and ‘Summer-yellow’ treated with 6BAP plus 200 mg/l of ethephon was the same as with 200 mg/l of ethephon only. Second lateral buds in the upper plant canopy of both cultivars grew after the disbudding of first lateral buds, upper leaf color lightened, leaves became large, and the hairs on the back of leaves grew when 10 mg/l of 6BAP with or without 200 mg/l ethephon was applied. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Clarifying Behavior of Prallethrin Evaporated from an Electric Vaporizer on the Floor and Estimating Associated Dermal Exposure
    Yoshihide Matoba, Ayumu Inoue, Yoshiyuki Takimoto
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 313-321
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.313
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    The behavior of prallethrin evaporated from an electric vaporizer was investigated through three experiments to determine: 1) distribution of residue levels on the floor, 2) floor levels during prolonged daily evaporation and 3) amount of residue transferable from the floor. Results of the third experiment suggest a regular decrease of transfer efficiency denoted by the function of time (t)−0.5. From the measured values, dermal exposure was estimated for Japanese sub-groups using a new methodology based on the US EPA procedure, taking into account periodic application, a body-specific transfer factor, the transition rate through clothes, and the ratio of bodily deposition to floor deposition. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Metabolism of Tolclofos-methyl in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
    Keiko Ichise-Shibuya, Takuo Fujisawa, Toshiyuki Katagi, Yoshiyuki Taki ...
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 322-327
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.322
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    The metabolic fate of tolclofos-methyl labeled with 14C at the phenyl ring was studied in greenhouse-grown lettuce after a single application to leaves at two different rates (75 and 750 g a.i./ha). At 7 days after the application, more than half of the recovered 14C was detected as unaltered tolclofos-methyl. In the lettuce, tolclofos-methyl mainly underwent cleavage of the P-O-aryl linkage and oxidation of the aryl methyl group, followed by a rapid formation of malonylglucose and glucose conjugates, respectively. The chemical structure of the malonylglucose conjugate was determined by LC-ESI-MS and NMR analyses of the metabolite isolated from leaf discs of lettuce treated with the corresponding 14C-labeled phenol. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Isocoumarin Derivative as a Novel GABA Receptor Ligand from Neosartorya quadricincta
    Yoshihisa Ozoe, Tadahiko Kuriyama, Yuji Tachibana, Kenzo Harimaya, Nob ...
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 328-331
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.328
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    For the purpose of discovering GABA receptor-directed insecticides in natural products, fungal culture extracts were screened for their ability to inhibit the specific binding of the noncompetitive antagonist [3H]EBOB to housefly head membranes. The screening efforts led to the isolation of a derivative of dihydroisocoumarin (PF1223) from the culture of Neosartorya quadricincta. This compound at 2.2 μM inhibited [3H]EBOB binding by 65%. This ligand might prove to be a lead compound for the identification of novel insecticides acting at the insect GABA receptor. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Aerobic Aquatic Soil Metabolism of Pesticides in Water- and Sediment-Spiked Systems
    Rika Kodaka, Terumi Sugano, Manabu Tsuzuki, Toshiyuki Katagi, Yoshiyuk ...
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 332-338
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.332
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    The metabolism of fenitrothion and diethofencarb in aerobic aquatic soil was examined following either water or sediment application. The more hydrophobic fenitrothion rapidly distributed from water to sediment, while a more gradual adsorption of diethofencarb by sediment was observed with insignificant biodegradation. Release of diethofencarb from the spiked sediment was observed but degradation via ester cleavage and reduction of the nitro group with more bound residues resulted in less of a release of fenitrothion into water. The distribution profiles of the pesticides and their metabolites depended on their adsorption and diffusivity in the sediment phase. The TOXSWA program was useful for evaluating the dissipation profiles of the water-applied pesticides. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of Novel 3-Alkoxycarbonyl-3-aryl-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrole Derivatives
    Takafumi Fusaka, Seiji Yamato, Takeshi Kajiwara, Hideo Kamiyama, Shige ...
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 339-347
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.339
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    In the course of efforts to find novel compounds with improved crop safety in transplanted rice by the modification of 1-[1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylethyl]-4-methyl-3-phenyl-3-pyrrolin-2-one (1a), which was reported to have excellent herbicidal activity against paddy weeds, 2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrole derivatives with a quaternary carbon atom having an alkoxycarbonyl group at the α-position of the cyclic amide were synthesized and examined. Among these compounds, methyl 1-[1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylethyl]-2,3-dihydro-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate (2a) was not only active against Echinochloa oryzicola and Scirpus juncoides but also compatible with transplanted rice even in harsh conditions. On the basis of preliminary experimental results, it was thought that 2a would generate the corresponding 2-oxo-3-pyrrolin (1a) through the metabolic degradation of the methoxycarbonyl moiety. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Dinotefuran Derivatives: Modification in the Nitroguanidine Part
    Takeo Wakita, Katsutoshi Kinoshita, Naoko Yasui, Eiichi Yamada, Nobuyu ...
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 348-355
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.348
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    Dinotefuran ((RS)-1-methyl-2-nitro-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)guanidine) is a new neonicotinoid which has a characteristic (±)-tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl moiety instead of the pyridine-like moiety of other neonicotinoids. A series of dinotefuran derivatives were synthesized and tested against hemiptera. SAR (structure-activity relationships) of the nitroguanidine part of dinotefuran are summarized as follows: (1) the mono-methyl group as a N-substituent gave the best activity for the acyclic nitroimino and nitromethylene compounds, (2) the acyclic compounds showed the same activity as the cyclic compounds against Nephotettix cincticeps and were superior to them against Laodelphax striatellus, (3) N-acylation of this series scarcely changed the level of activity. On the basis of these results, we selected dinotefuran for development. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Dinotefuran Derivatives: Modification in the Tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl Part
    Takeo Wakita, Katsutoshi Kinoshita, Kenji Kodaka, Naoko Yasui, Atsuko ...
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 356-363
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.356
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    The (±)-tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl moiety, which is a characteristic part of the novel neonicotinoid dinotefuran, was found by research in which acetylcholine was selected as the lead compound. SAR (structure-activity relationships) for the tetrahydrofuran part indicated that the non-substituted moiety showed the highest level of activity, 4- and 5-substituted moieties showed intermediate levels, and 2- and 3-substituted moieties lost the activity. Conformational analysis of these compounds indicated that the substituents changed little the hypothetical active conformation of dinotefuran. Computational analysis proved that dinotefuran, a methoxypropyl compound and other neonicotinoids well overlapped, and dinotefuran adopts the active conformation more easily than the methoxypropyl compound. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Responses to Neonicotinoids of Chicken α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Effects of Mutations of Isoleucine 191 in Loop F to Aromatic Residues
    Masaru Shimomura, Kazuhiko Matsuda, Miki Akamatsu, David B. Sattelle, ...
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 364-368
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.364
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    The effects on the responses to neonicotinoids and related nicotinic agonists of three site-directed mutations (I191W, I191F and I191Y) in loop F of the acetylcholine-binding site were studied using the chicken α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Voltage-clamp electrophysiology was employed to show that, whereas the I191F mutation scarcely affected the concentration-response curves for neonicotinoids, the I191W mutation increased the maximum amplitude of responses to these ligands. By contrast, the I191Y mutation reduced the maximum amplitude of responses of the α7 nAChR to the insecticides. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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Notes
  • A Method for Monitoring the Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to Mepanipyrim
    Makiichi Takagaki, Ichirou Miura, Kozo Nagayama
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 369-371
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.369
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    Mepanipyrim is an anilinopyrimidine fungicide with a broad spectrum of activities. Mepanipyrim did not inhibit mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea completely on complex media and therefore, this method is considered not to be useful for evaluation of the sensitivity of isolated B. cinerea to mepanipyrim. As a result of our studies, we have established new techniques to determine the fungal sensitivity to mepanipyrim in vitro by utilizing the inhibitory activity of mepanipyrim against protein secretion and germ-tube elongation. The FGA-paper disc method is considered to be more useful and more reliable for evaluation of the sensitivity of B. cinerea to mepanipyrim. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Insecticidal Activity of Pyridalyl: Acute and Sub-Acute Symptoms in Spodoptera litura Larvae
    Shigeru Saito, Shinji Isayama, Noriyasu Sakamoto, Kimitoshi Umeda
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 372-375
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.372
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    The insecticidal action of pyridalyl at various dosages against S. litura larva was observed. Larvae treated with 100 ng/larva and higher dosages were killed within 6 hr without any conspicuous symptoms. In contrast, larvae treated with 25 ng/larva and lower dosages showed unique symptoms similar to scar burns at the site treated with pyridalyl after molting. Such symptoms caused interference with metamorphosis, suggesting that pyridalyl would suppress populations of S. litura even at lower dose rates. Taking such unique insecticidal symptoms into consideration, it is suspected that pyridalyl has a novel biochemical mode of action. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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  • Insecticidal and Neuroblocking Activities toward American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana L.) of Imidacloprid Metabolites, 5-Hydroxy-, 4,5-Dihydroxy- and 4,5-Dehydroimidacloprid
    Shinzo Kagabu, Chie Kato, Keiichiro Nishimura
    2004 Volume 29 Issue 4 Pages 376-379
    Published: 2004
    Released on J-STAGE: November 28, 2004
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.29.376
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    The insecticidal and neuroblocking potencies of three imidacloprid metabolites were measured using American cockroaches. The minimum doses to cause paralysis 24 hr after injection of 4,5-dehydroimidacloprid (2) and 5-hydroxyimidacloprid (3) were about ten times larger than that for imidacloprid (1). Pretreatment with synergists, piperonyl butoxide and NIA16388, enhanced the activity: doses were 1.9, 1.7, and 0.071 nmol for compounds 2, 3 and 1, respectively. The concentrations of compounds 2 and 3 causing a neuroblock in the excised central nerve cord of the insects were respectively 49 and 150 μM, compared to 2.3 μM for 1. The potency of 4,5-dihydroxyimidacloprid (4) was far inferior in both measurements. Insecticidal effects of imidacloprid and possible metabolites were discussed. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan
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PART II (IN JAPANESE)
Abstracts for Original Articles
Commentaries
Minireviews: Risk Assessment, Risk Management and Risk Communication for Pesticide Residues in Foods
Letter to Members
Symposia
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