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Yasushi HASHIMOTO
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
281-287
Published: August 20, 1982
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Hajime IWAMURA, Toshio FUJITA
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
289-299
Published: August 20, 1982
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Tomomasa MISATO
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
301-305
Published: August 20, 1982
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Isamu YAMAGUCHI
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
307-316
Published: August 20, 1982
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Yoshio KATSUDA
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
317-327
Published: August 20, 1982
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Studies on the Mechanism of Inhibitory Effects of Copper Compounds against Diaporthe citri (Part 3)
Kohtaro TOMONO, Morio KAWAI, Hiroyuki SASAKI, Yasuo HOMMA, Tomomasa MI ...
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
329-334
Published: August 20, 1982
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Influence of zinc, magnesium and calcium ions on the inhibitory effect of copper ion on pycnospore germination and hyphal penetration of
Diaporthe citri was studied. The 50% inhibition concentration of zinc ion was 10
-3M for pycnospore germination and 3×10
-4M for hyphal penetration. Zinc ion showed a similar inhibitory effect level at about 30 times the concentration. Magnesium and calcium ions showed no inhibitory effect even at 1M; on the contrary, they reduced the inhibitory effect of copper ion on pycnospore germination. Magnesium and calcium ions had no influence on the amount of copper ion absorption in the cytoplasm of the pycnospore which was detected with an electronprobe X-ray microanalyzer. Therefore, the reduction of the inhibitory effect of copper ion by the coexistence of magnesium or calcium ion seems to have no relation to the amount of copper ion absorption in the cytoplasm of the pycnospore.
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Shu-Juan CHEN, Err-Lieh HSU, Yuh-Lin CHEN
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
335-340
Published: August 20, 1982
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The metabolic fate of benthiocarb (thiobencarb) was studied with
14C-labelled compound by a rice paddy model ecosystem in the laboratory. In addition to rice plants, 10 organisms including grasshopper, rice brown planthopper, mosquito larva, wolf spider, water flea, dragonfly naiad, giant duckweed, mosquito fish, alga and paddy snail were involved in this ecosystem. The radioactivity extracted with
n-hexane from water, sand and biota at the end of experiment (23 days after the application of
14C-benthiocarb) corresponded to 2.73%, 23.18% and 0.31% of the initial radioactivity applied, respectively. Metabolic fate of benthiocarb in these organisms was studied. Some unknown metabolites were detected besides several known ones. From its low ecological magnification values on the aquatic organisms and high biodegradability indices for these biota, benthiocarb was found to be safe from an environmental standpoint. This rice paddy model ecosystem seemed to be very effective and useful for studying the fate of pesticides in the environment, especially in paddy fields.
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Decomposition of Organophosphorus Pesticides (Part 2)
Takayoshi MAEDA, Misako KAWASHIMA, Yoriko OGASAWARA, Kozo TSUJI
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
341-347
Published: August 20, 1982
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It was observed that the apparent degradation rate of fenitrothion (Sumithion
®) in a closed system is significantly greater than that in an open system. For this observation, there is proposed the autocatalytic degradation mechanism by dimethylsulfide, which is evolved through the decomposition of
S-methyl-Sumithion and catalyzes the rearrangement of Sumithion into
S-methyl-Sumithion. It is supposed that decomposition not only at high temperature but also at lower temperature such as room temperature, would be subject to this mechanism. As far as the catalytic potential of dimethylsulfide is concerned, it was found that additions of 0.4 to 1.6w/w% of the thioether to Sumithion accelerated decomposition by more than 20 to 50 times. Some kinds of metal salt also facilitated the isomerization of Sumithion, but calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (surfactant) showed almost no effect. Kinetic studies were also carried out. Decomposition rate of Sumithion,
S-methyl-Sumithion and Sumioxon were measured.
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Yoshihiro MINAMITE, Yoshie TSUJI, Hajime HIROBE, Hiroshi OHGAMI, Yoshi ...
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
349-355
Published: August 20, 1982
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New pyrethroids, anilinobenzyl alcohol esters with appropriate acids, were synthesized and their insecticidal activities were studied. Of these esters, 3′-anilino-α′-cyanobenzyl 2, 2-dimethyl-3-(2, 2-dibromovinyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate was the most active, showing a high potency competitive to permethrin against houseflies (
Musca domestica L.) by the topical application method. This ester was also as effective as fenvalerate against tobacco cutworms (
Spodoptera litura F.) and German cockroaches (
Blattella germanica L.). The stability of these new compounds to sunlight was higher than that of resmethrin.
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Naofumi SHIGA, Osami MATANO, Shinko GOTO
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
357-362
Published: August 20, 1982
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A procedure was developed for the analysis of dazomet residues in tomato, cucumber and cabbage employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The crops were homogenized with silver diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC-Ag) and extracted with dichloromethane. The addition of DDTC-Ag was necessary for all samples to obtain a good recovery of dazomet. The extract was concentrated and cleaned up using a Florisil column. The concentrated eluate was analyzed by HPLC employing a Nucreosil 5CN column and a 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane-ethyl acetate solvent system. Dazomet was detected by ultraviolet absorption (285nm) and 0.5ng per injection was detectable. Recoveries of spiked samples were 78-95% at 0.05ppm level and 83-88% at 0.2ppm level with a lower limit of detection of 0.005ppm (tomato and cucumber) and 0.01ppm (cabbage). This HPLC method was more specific for dazomet than the conventional colorimetric method.
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Shigeo ONO, Norihiro TOHYAMA
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
363-371
Published: August 20, 1982
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Photodegradation of thiophanate-methyl (TM) by sunlight was investigated on filter paper under wet conditions. MBC was found to be a major degradation product with a small quantity of MMB and DPA. TM in formulation was more stable to sunlight than that in technical. MMB changed to DPA and MBC by sunlight, but DPA did not change to MBC. To clarify the presence of these degradation products, a residue analysis was carried out using thirteen kinds of crops. 2-AB which is known as a metabolite of MBC was also taken into target compounds in residue analysis, though this compound was not found in the photodegradation of TM. The above five compounds in crops were extracted together with methanol. TM, MMB, DPA and MBC in the methanol extracts were extracted with methylene chloride, transferred to an alkaline solution and reextracted with methylene chloride after neutralization. 2-AB in the aqueous methanol after methylene chloride extraction was extracted with ethyl acetate. Each compound was determined by a high performance liquid chromatograph. Most of the compounds remaining in crops were TM and MBC. MMB and DPA were detected only in a grape sample and 2-AB was not detected in any samples. During analytical procedure, TM did not degrade to MBC, but did degrade gradually to it when the homogenized crop was stored at -20°C.
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Tadao YAMADA
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
373-376
Published: August 20, 1982
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Acetone solution of the amino derivatives from three diphenyl ether herbicides, nitrofen-amino (
p-aminophenyl 2, 4-dichlorophenyl ether), chlornitrofen-amino (
p-aminophenyl 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenyl ether), and chlomethoxynil-amino (4-amino-3-methoxyphenyl 2, 4-dichlorophenyl ether) shows two peaks on a gas chromatogram (equipped with FID or ECD), respectively. GC-mass spectrometry revealed that the first peak was the amino compound, and the second was the condensate with acetone. The condensates were
N-isopropylidene-
p-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) aniline,
N-isopropylidene-
p-(2, 4, 6-trichlorophenoxy) aniline, and
N-isopropylidene-4-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-methoxyaniline. Results of experiments in which acetone was replaced with hexane suggest that the amino compounds in acetone exist in free states, or form easily reversible combinations with acetone and the dehydrated condensates are formed at the injection port (230°C) immediately after injecting the solution into GC.
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Masatoshi KANAUCHI, Matazaemon UCHIDA, Katsuo TSUCHIYA
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
377-383
Published: August 20, 1982
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Persistence of isoprothiolane in paddy water and rice plants was studied by submerging its 12% granules at various stages of growth. The concentration in paddy water reached a maximum of 3-8ppm within 1-3 days, and then decreased rapidly with a half life of 4 days. However, that in the plants changed more slowly so that the peak concentration was obtained 3-11 days after the application. The peak level in the shoots of plants was almost identical (4-8ppm) when the granules were submerged. Therefore, the incorporated amount of the compound corresponds with the size of the plants. The compound then disappeared with a half life of about a month. However, the concentration in the shoots reduced more rapidly when dilution by new growth could accelerate it. After the panicles had headed, they progressively accumulated the compound. Their concentration was always lower than, but well related with, that in the other parts in which the compound was almost uniformly distributed. The residues in hulled rice and straws were nicely correlated with the number of days after application. These changes of isoprothiolane in rice plants should explain the residual effect against rice blast and planthoppers.
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Mode of Action of Antifeeding Compounds in the Larvae of the Tabacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Part 2)
Alice G. ANTONIOUS, Tetsuo SAITO
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
385-389
Published: August 20, 1982
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The antifeeding effects of chlordimeform and some plant diterpenes injected into the larvae of the tobacco cutworm,
Spodoptera litura (F.) were studied. A clear positive correlation between the used concentrations in log and the antifeeding ratios in probits were observed. In non-starved larvae, the order of decreasing effectiveness within AC
50 values was: clerodin>caryoptin>clerodendrin-A≈clerodendrin-B>chlordimeform, while within AC
95 it was: clerodin>caryoptin≈clerodendrin-B>clerodendrin-A≈chlordimeform. High concentrations of chlordimeform injected larvae showed behavioural changes which affected normal feeding behaviour. Wriggling of the body, lack of coordination and head rotation followed by quick locomotion were the obvious excitation symptoms. Although the natural diterpenes were very effective antifeedants, the injected larvae were less active having no excitation or abnormal behaviour. The different outward symptoms caused by chlordimeform from those caused by the natural diterpenes suggest different modes of action in this insect pest.
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Fate of Quintozen in Plants and Soils (Part 1)
Masatoshi OGISO, Hitoshi TANABE
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
391-396
Published: August 20, 1982
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The distribution pattern of PCNB (quintozen, pentachloronitrobenzene) and its metabolites in potato, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, burdock, Japanese radish, carrot, spinach and Japanese butterbur grown in soil treated with PCNB was investigated. Residues of PCNB, its main metabolites (pentachloroaniline and pentachlorothioanisole) and also its technical impurity (hexachlorobenzene) were found in larger amounts in surface tissues of roots in contact with soil than in the inner tissues of roots or the tops of crops. The metabolites were sometimes detected at a higher concentration in the surface tissues of roots than in the soil. However, the leaves of spinach and carrot were much more contaminated with PCNB than were cabbage, Chinese cabbage and leaves of Japanese radish, suggesting that a distance between leaves and soil surface is a factor affecting contamination.
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Matazaemon UCHIDA, Hideo NISHIZAWA, Takashi SUZUKI
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
397-400
Published: August 20, 1982
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Compound behavior such as adsorption with soil and mobility in rice plants of 2-
tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-5-phenyl-3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydro-2H-1, 3, 5-thiadiazin-4-one(buprofezin) and 3′-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzanilide (flutolanil) were determined and compared with results reported previously for a set of fungicidal compounds. Highly hydrophobic buprofezin was strongly adsorbed with the soil and was hardly mobile in rice plants. Flutolanil, which was not highly hydrophobic, was not strongly adsorbed with the soil and considerably mobile in the plants. These types of behavior may be contributing characteristics in their effectiveness as pesticides. Relationship between behavior and hydrophobicity (log
P) of the fungicides were found to be extendible to structurally unrelated compounds such as buprofezin and flutolanil. This in turn means that compound behavior can be generally predictable from a measure of the hydrophobicity, log
P.
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Yoshio HAYASE, Mamoru OZAKI, Shinobu KOBAYASHI, Yasuyoshi TAKEUCHI
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
401-402
Published: August 20, 1982
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Formulation and Application of Pesticides
Toshio KONDO
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
403-408
Published: August 20, 1982
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Formulation and Application of Pesticides
Kohnosuke TSUGA
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
409-414
Published: August 20, 1982
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Naoki MOTOYAMA
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
415-425
Published: August 20, 1982
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A field population of the predaceous mite,
Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), was 300, 000 fold resistant to azinphosmethyl. Demethylation of the insecticide by glutathione
S-transferase appeared to be the major cause for resistance. Rutgers strain of the housefly was over 1, 600 fold resistant to azinphosmethyl comparing to CSMA strain. The major mechanism of the resistance was again attributed to an increased degradation of the compound by glutathione
S-transferase. The enzyme catalysed only GS-methyl conjugation. Soluble fraction from Rutgers strain demonstrated higher activities toward all the substrates tested for glutathione-dependent reactions, i. e., azinphosmethyl, diazinon, methyl iodide, and 1, 2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), than that from CSMA strain. Various chromatographies, interstrain comparisons, and genetic studies all failed to distinguish enzymes responsible for alkyl and aryl conjugations from each other. Glutathione
S-transferase was partially purified from both housefly strains using DCNB as the substrate. A protein band extracted from unstained electrophoretic gels was active for methyl iodide and DCNB indicating both conjugations were catalysed by the same enzyme. The partially purified enzyme was active for several organophosphorus (OP) insecticides as well as for γ-BHC, though it was inactive for dehydrochlorination of
p,
p′-DDT. The ratio of
O-alkyl and aryl conjugations with OP substrates varied depending upon the chemical structure. The enzyme was further purified from another housefly strain to study a possible existence of multiple forms. Results suggested multiple forms of the enzyme obtained upon electrophoresis were not evidence for different enzyme species.
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Toshiro KATO
1982 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages
427-437
Published: August 20, 1982
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Buthiobate is effective in controlling powdery mildews of agricultural and ornamental crops. Microscopic observations indicated that the fungicide caused abnormal swelling of germ tubes of
Sphaerotheca fuliginea and excessive branching of hyphae in
Monilinia fructigena without inhibition of spore germination. Respiratory activity and the incorporations of radioactive substrates into proteins, nucleic acids and cell wall were not significantly inhibited in
M. fructigena during early incubation periods with the fungicide. On the contrary, sterol biosynthesis was severely affected by the treatment. By gas-liquid chromatographic analyses, it was shown that an amount of ergosterol decreased in the treated culture with a concomitant accumulation of 24-methylenedihydrolanosterol and obtusifoliol. In cell-free homogenates of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the conversion of acetate-U-
14C to 4-desmethyl sterols was also proved to be suppressed by the fungicide and radioactivity accumulated in the fraction of lanosterol.
14C-Labelled lanosterol was not converted to 4-desmethyl sterols in the presence of the fungicide, whereas the conversion of
14C-labelled 14-desmethyl-lanosterol was not inhibited. The results therefore indicate selective inhibition of demethylation at C-14 in the biosynthetic processes of ergosterol. The fungicide tridemorph was also found to be an inhibitor of ergosterol biosynthesis in
Botrytis cinerea. Since fecosterol, ergosta-8, 22, 24(28)-trien-3β-ol and ergosta-8, 22-dien-3β-ol accumulated in the treated culture, the fungicide seemed to block the conversion of fecosterol to episterol, i. e. the Δ
8→Δ
7 isomerization.
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