Journal of Pesticide Science
Online ISSN : 1349-0923
Print ISSN : 1348-589X
ISSN-L : 0385-1559
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Volume 32, Issue 2
Displaying 1-24 of 24 articles from this issue
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Review
  • Insecticide resistance monitoring and evaluation in disease transmitting mosquitoes
    Michael Coleman, Janet Hemingway
    Article type: Review
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 69-76
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.R07-01
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    The emergence of mosquito species resistant to insecticides widely used in malaria and dengue control has the potential to impact severely on the control of these disease vectors. A limited number of resistance mechanisms, including modification of the insecticides' target site, or changes in rates of metabolism involving esterases, glutathione S-transferases or monooxygenases operate in all insects. The potential for resistance to develop in vectors has been apparent since the 1950's, but the scale of the problem has been poorly documented. Few new public health insecticides have been developed for control of disease vectors for the past three decades and without good stewardship these insecticides will cease to be effective for vector control. This may have a dramatic effect in disease endemic countries, as few affordable alternative insecticides can rapidly be made available for vector control. Here we review our ability to optimally measure and manage insecticide resistance in field populations of insects, which is crucial to the long term sustainability of insecticide-based disease control campaigns.
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Original Articles
  • Biochemical basis of selective disease controlling activity of mepanipyrim
    Ichiro Miura, Shinichiro Maeno
    Article type: Original Article
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 77-82
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-27
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    Mepanipyrim exhibited excellent disease control activity against Botrytis cinerea, but poor activity against Cochliobolus miyabeanus; however, the mycelial growth of C. miyabeanus was inhibited more strongly than that of B. cinerea. Therefore, disease control efficacy by mepanipyrim in vivo is not correlated with mycelial growth inhibition in vitro. While mepanipyrim prevented pectinase secretion in B. cinerea at 0.1–1 μg/ml, it did not interfere with secretion in C. miyabeanus, even at 100 μg/ml, indicating that its action is an important mechanism in disease control. Mepanipyrim affected the uptake of glucose and phenylalanine in the mycelia of both pathogens at higher doses. Thus, a secondary action of mepanipyrim may bring about mycelial growth inhibition in vitro.
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  • Control efficacy of validamycin A against Fusarium wilt correlated with the severity of phytotoxic necrosis formed on tomato tissues
    Ryo Ishikawa, Kentaro Shirouzu, Hideo Nakashita, Tohru Teraoka, Tsutom ...
    Article type: Original Article
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 83-88
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-37
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    Employing 20 race 2-susceptible tomato cultivars, the effect of validamycin A (VMA) treatment on the disease severity (DS) of Fusarium wilt (race 2), salicylic acid (SA) concentration, and plant injury index (PT) was examined. Statistical analysis of the obtained results suggested a negative correlation between the amount of SA and DS without VMA treatment, and between PT and DS with VMA treatment. PT with VMA treatment was positively correlated with the amount of SA with/without VMA treatment. Moreover, the possibility of the rapid screening of plant activators using phytotoxicity as a marker of plant-activator-sensitive cultivars was suggested. The intensity of enhanced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) may depend on the genetic background of each cultivar and its quantity of SAR gene expression.
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  • A novel mutant acetolactate synthase gene from rice cells, which confers resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides
    Kiyoshi Kawai, Koichiro Kaku, Norihiko Izawa, Tsutomu Shimizu, Atsunor ...
    Article type: Original Article
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 89-98
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-40
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    A two-point mutated gene of acetolactate synthase (ALS) was isolated from rice cells, which was cultured together with an ALS-inhibiting herbicide, bispyribac-sodium (BS). The mutations involved residues of tryptophan at position 548 to leucine (W548L) and serine at position 627 to isoleucine (S627I). The ALS expressed in Escherichia coli from this gene showed resistance to multiple herbicides including pyrimidinylcarboxylate (PC), sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides, and showed stronger resistance to PC herbicides than to other herbicides. BS, a PC herbicide, had almost no effect on the enzyme even at 100 μM, which is an approximately 10,000-fold higher concentration than the concentration required for 50% inhibition of the wild-type. The resistance level of W548L/S627I mutating ALS to BS was stronger than the additive effect predicted from the degree of resistance of each single amino acid mutated ALS. Transformed rice cells carrying this gene and a regenerated rice plant expressed resistance to BS, suggesting that this gene is useful as a selectable marker for introducing foreign traits into rice when used with PC herbicides.
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  • Synthesis and anti-juvenile hormone activity of ethyl 4-(2-benzylalkyloxy)benzoates and their enantiomers
    Kenjiro Furuta, Kiyo Ashibe, Hiromitsu Shirahashi, Norihiro Fujita, Ha ...
    Article type: Original Article
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 99-105
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-46
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    A number of ethyl 4-(2-benzylalkyloxy)benzoates were prepared and their activity to induce precocious metamorphosis was evaluated in larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, which was clearly recognized as a juvenile hormone (JH)-deficiency symptom. Ethyl 4-(2-benzylhexyloxy)benzoate (6) and its 2-benzylheptyloxy analog (7) were found to induce precocious metamorphosis at relatively low doses. Both enantiomers of 6 and 7 were prepared using a chiral auxiliary oxazolidinone. (S)-Enatiomers were more active than (R)-isomers at low doses of 0.1 and 1 μg, but at higher doses their activity was reversed. The activity of compound 6 could be fully counteracted by methoprene, a JH agonist, but not by the dietary administration of 20-hydroxyecdysone. The ester group was important in the ability to induce precocious metamorphosis. The (S)-enatiomer of 6 prolonged the duration of the instar and delayed the onset of cocoon spinning when applied to 5th instar larvae, suggesting that this compound might have JH-like activity as well as anti-JH activity.
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  • Effect of culture age on mepanipyrim-mediated inhibition of pectinase secretion in Botrytis cinerea
    Ichiro Miura, Shinichiro Maeno
    Article type: Original Article
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 106-111
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-26
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    The fungicide mepanipyrim tended to affect both mycelial growth and pectinase secretion of younger B. cinerea mycelia more strongly than older cultures, which is suggestive of its mode of action. Mepanipyrim was more effective in inhibiting pectinase secretion and in disease control activity against B. cinerea in the early stages of growth and infection. The uptake of mepanipyrim into the mycelia of B. cinerea was reduced as the culture aged and was inhibited by the mitochondrial uncoupling agent CCCP. This suggested that active energy metabolism results in greater mepanipyrim uptake, resulting in good inhibition of mycelial growth, pectinase secretion and disease control in younger B. cinerea.
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  • Synthesis of new bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,4-dione derivatives and their herbicidal activity
    Hiroyuki Adachi, Akiyoshi Ueda, Toshio Aihara, Kazuyuki Tomida, Takash ...
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 112-119
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-30
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    Various triketone type 4-HPPD inhibitors were synthesized and their herbicidal activity and corn safety were evaluated. In the course of synthetic studies, we invented convenient methods to synthesize novel benzoyl-substituted bicyclo[4.1.0]heptanediones, and it was found that some showed excellent herbicidal activity against weeds in a corn field. Among these compounds, 3-(4-chloro-2-nitrobenzoyl)bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,4-dione was found to be not only highly active against broadleaf weeds but also grass weeds, whereas it caused severe damage to corn. As a result of further efforts to modify benzoyl substituents, we found a compound, (1R*,6R*)-3-(2-chloro-4-methylsulfonylbenzoyl)bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2,4-dione, which provided a good combination of herbicidal activity and corn safety.
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Notes
  • An environmentally acceptable method for assaying the inhibition of α-amylase induction
    Yayoi Ichiki, Hiroto Tamura, Azusa Ohtani, Hiromichi Yoshikawa
    Article type: Original Article
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 120-123
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-24
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    A facile α-amylase induction inhibition assay method was investigated. Induced α-amylase was determined using a microplate filled with a gel containing rice starch and Gellan gum. Embryo-less barley seeds were incubated with GA3 (10−7 M) and appropriate ABA. Diluted incubation fluid was dispensed to the wells and the change of absorbance was measured. Induced α-amylase was calculated from the change of the absorbance. The results were almost equal to those of the Somogyi–Nelson method. As noxious wastewater containing heavy metal ions does not occur in this experiment, this method can be an environmentally acceptable assay method for ABA analogs.
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  • Isolation of an insecticidal compound oxalicine B from Penicillium sp. TAMA 71 and confirmation of its chemical structure by X-ray crystallographic analysis
    Masaki Abe, Tetsuya Imai, Naoki Ishii, Makio Usui, Toru Okuda, Toshika ...
    Article type: Note
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 124-127
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-36
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    An insecticidal compound was isolated from Penicillium sp. TAMA 71 and showed 82% mortality against green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) at 100 ppm. The chemical structure of the compound was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis to be identified as oxalicine B, and its NMR data were compatible with the chemical structure. A part of the known 1H NMR assignment was incorrect and was corrected. Insecticidal, miticidal and fungicidal tests were conducted at 500 ppm using three different insects, a mite and two plant pathogenic fungi besides the aphid to show 32% mortality and weak antifeeding activity against only western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) larvae.
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  • Is pyridylmethyl group of imidacloprid replaceable with fluoroalkyl moiety as a hydrogen-bond acceptor?
    Shinzo Kagabu, Eiji Aoki, Ikuya Ohno
    Article type: Note
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 128-130
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-41
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    Variable fluoroalkyl groups were introduced to 2-(N-nitroimino)-imidazolidine and the insecticidal potency against the green peach aphid, the tobacco cutworm and the cucurbit leaf beetle was assessed. The activity of most of the compounds was modest, except for the 3-fluoropropyl derivative showing the apparent insecticidal activity against the aphid and the leaf beetle at 100 ppm. The protrusion of the fluoropropyl derivative may be taken as the H-bond functionality of this group similar to the pyridylmethyl group of imidacloprid in the electronic and geometrical respects. However, judging from the obviously lower activity than imidacloprid, the fluoroalkyl group will not compatible with pyridylmethyl as an activator.
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  • Isolation and structural properties of aerial mycelium differentiation-inhibitory substances against Streptomyces scabiei causing potato common scab
    Masahiro Natsume, Atsushi Ooshiro, Tsuneki Takahashi, Fumihiko Kokido, ...
    Article type: Note
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 131-134
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    Advance online publication: March 20, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.G06-42
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    The inhibitor of aerial mycelium differentiation in Streptomyces scabiei, a pathogen of potato common scab, was searched. An actinomycete isolated from the field was found to produce inhibitors and two active substances were isolated as single peaks with HPLC. The molecular weights of inhibitors A and B were 1156.5 and 1140.5, respectively. Numbers of functional groups in inhibitor A were estimated by derivatization reactions. Inhibitor A seems to be a non-peptidic or non-saccharic substance because enzymatic treatments with pepsin, trypsin or glycosidases did not affect the LC-MS profiles or inhibitory activity.
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The Society Award Lectures (abstract)
  • Structure–activity relationship and mode of action study of insect growth regulators
    Yoshiaki Nakagawa
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 135-136
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.J07-01
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    A number of N,N′-dibenzoyl-N-t-butylhydrazine analogs containing various substituted benzoyl moieties were synthesized and their biological activity was measured using various biological systems. Larvicidal activity against Chilo suppressalis, Spodoptera exigua, and Leptinotarsa decemlineata was measured. In addition, the molting hormone activity was estimated by the ability to stimulate N-acetylglucosamine incorporation into cultured integument fragments from C. suppressalis larvae. Binding affinity to the receptor was assayed using proteins prepared by in vitro translation of the responsible cDNA cloned from a cell-free preparation of larval tissue of C. suppressalis or L. decemlineata. Binding to intact Sf-9 cells, which can be regarded as an index of the receptor binding, was also measured. Variations in the biological activity indices were either analyzed using physicochemical, molecular and substituent parameters or correlated between two different activity types. Comparisons among correlations clearly indicate the physicochemical and biological meaning of parameters significant in the correlation equations to increase our understanding of the molecular mechanism of molting hormones.
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  • Development of a novel fungicide, cyflufenamid
    Shinsuke Sano, Isamu Kasahara, Homare Yamanaka
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 137-138
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.J07-02
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    Cyflufenamid is a novel and original fungicide discovered and developed by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. The characteristic feature of its chemical structure is the benzamidoxime framework with 2,3-difluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and cyclopropylmethoxyimino groups. Cyflufenamid excellently controls powdery mildew of various crops by preventive or curative treatment, and shows long residual and vapor phase activity. The mode of action of cyflufenamid is considered different from that of other existing fungicides. It has favorable toxicological, ecotoxicological and environmental profiles.
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  • Development of estimation methods for movement of applied pesticide in farmlands
    Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Kazuhiro Ogiyama
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 139-140
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.J07-03
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    In recent years, the outflow of pesticide from farmland to public water has been a concern. Three major routes of movement and diffusion of applied pesticides in farmland, such as drift at spraying, surface runoff by rainfall after spraying and leaching into groundwater have been investigated. As a result, several test methods have been developed for the assessment of the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of pesticide. Among them, an indoor runoff test system was introduced under the test guidelines for PEC calculation in the Standard for Withholding of Registration.
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  • Development and commercialization of Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1 (Ecohope®), a microbial pesticide
    Kozo Nagayama, Satoshi Watanabe, Kazuo Kumakura, Takeshi Ichikawa, Tak ...
    2007 Volume 32 Issue 2 Pages 141-142
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2007
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.J07-04
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    Trichoderma asperellum (=T. atroviride Karsten) SKT-1, a biocontrol agent (BCA) that is highly effective against rice seedborne diseases, was discovered and developed by Kumiai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. and Shizuoka Prefecture Agricultural Experiment Station. To commercialize this fungus as a microbial pesticide, we studied the economical fermentation methods, stable formulation, and identification of this fungus. As a result, we successfully developed “Ecohope®” and “Ecohope-Dry®”, microbial pesticides that are comparable in price to chemical pesticides, retain high biological effects in distribution, and show excellent stability. “Ecohope®” and “Ecohope-Dry®” were registered as agricultural pesticides in 2003 and 2004, respectively.
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PART II (IN JAPANESE)
The Society Award Lectures
Abstracts for Original Articles
Commentary
Letter to Members
Symposia
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