鈴鹿市内の一般廃棄物処分場において、施設の運用停止後、１5年を経過してから一部の観測井戸において、ヒ素汚染が発生した。この原因を明らかにするため、汚染のトレンドおよびイオン成分解析等により、究明をおこなった。しかし、処分場内の貯留水とヒ素汚染の関連は低く、他の汚染原因が推測された。

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標準アスベスト及びアスベスト含有建材中のアスベストが、硫黄と水酸化カルシウムから製造した溶液を用いてキルン内で撹拌することで分解され、その含有率は0.1%以下になることを発表してきた。本研究では反応機構を解明するために分解条件と分解生成物を粉末X線回折法(XRD)、位相差顕微鏡・分散染色法、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)、エネルギー分散型X線分析(EDX)法により同定した。その結果、アスベスト分解剤が回転撹拌の過程でアスベスト繊維の間隙に浸透した硫黄化合物が徐々に酸化され、イオン半径の大きな硫黄化合す物が生成することが明らかになった。結晶間隙に貫入した硫黄化合物のイオン半径の増大により、結晶構造に歪が起き、回転によって、歪が破砕されると考えられる。 更に、含水したスレートの液体窒素処理によってもアスベスト繊維の分解が観測された。これは結晶間に貫入した化合物の膨張による結晶構造破壊を支持した。

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2014年に改正された、建材中の石綿分析（JIS A 1481:2014法）は建材中の石綿含有についての定性分析法である。電子顕微鏡による石綿分析は大気を媒体とする以外はあまり適用されていない。JIS A1481-1の定性分析は国際規格ISO22262-1を基本としており、今後ISO法の定量分析法を基本としたJIS法が追加される予定である。 我々は廃棄物・無害化処理物・大気試料等について電子顕微鏡法（TEM法、SEM法）による同定・定量法の検討を行ってきた。昨年は、建材（廃建材を含む）への適用を検討したが、本報告は、実体顕微鏡計数＋電子顕微鏡（SEM）によることを検討したので報告する。

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ISO22262-2による定量分析法は、①浮遊沈降法による重量法（視認出来る繊維を実体顕微鏡でピックアップして計量する方法）と、②ポイントカウント法（鉱物学で利用される岩石中の各鉱物の重量組成比を求める方法、低濃度の繊維濃度に対処）から成る包括的な分析法になっている。しかしながら、我が国における従来のアスベスト定量法がＸ線回折装置を用いる方法であるのに対して、国際標準法が偏光顕微鏡を用いた方法を採用している点において、両者の定量結果の差異や各分析機関の分析精度などに懸念が生じている。残念ながら我が国のアスベスト分析においてはポイントカウント法の理解が普及していないため、現状における分析精度が把握できていないのが実情である。そこで、このポイントカウント法に習熟し、低含有率サンプルの分析精度を高めることを目的として基礎的検討を実施したので、その結果を報告する。

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東日本大震災により発生した災害廃棄物の処理における石綿含有物の取扱いについて、被災自治体にアンケート調査を行い、廃石綿等及び石綿含有廃棄物の処分量、石綿リスクの認知状況、被災建築物解体、一次仮置場、二次集積場での石綿飛散及び曝露防止対策の実施状況、災害廃棄物処理計画策定における課題、既存マニュアル類の活用状況についての知見を得た。

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既存不適格となり、厳しい廃棄物処理を要求されている石綿（アスベスト）製品は、現在も日本国内で6千万～1億トンとも推定される莫大な量が、建物等に利用されている。老朽化等に伴い今後数十年に渡り年間100万トン以上の廃棄物の発生と適正処理が求められる。筆者等は石綿（アスベスト）製品の広域継続利用状況を改善する方策として、専用処分場を利用した無害化・循環利用スキームの考案や石綿（アスベスト）廃棄物等の高効率溶融無害化処理システムの開発、事業化に取り組んでいる。しかし石綿（アスベスト）処理に係る新たな技術の開発や処理施設の拡充は進んでいない。その一因として、石綿（アスベスト）製品の継続利用のリスクの正しい評価と解決方策の方向性の周知が必ずしも十分でないことがあげられる。本報告では、アスベスト(石綿)リスクの認知に関して、地域や男女差などの違いをネットリサーチによって検討した結果を報告する。

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 本研究は、PCBの発生源の大気中PCB濃度への寄与割合の推定を目的に温暖期と寒冷期に分けて2012年の大気中PCBへの排出インベントリ及び大気中PCB濃度を環境動態モデルを利用して推定し、大気モニタリング濃度と比較した。対象PCBは同族体は1～7塩素化物を、異性体はコプラナーPCBを対象とした。PCBの発生源は非意図的な産業系発生源及び使用・保管中PCB製品からの揮発とした。同族体別濃度は、温暖期と寒冷期を比べると、推定濃度、大気モニタリング濃度共に全体的に温暖期の方が濃度が高くなった。また1塩素化物に注目すると推定濃度では産業系発生源の寄与が非常に大きくなった。 異性体別濃度は、#77,#114,#118は産業系発生源と使用・保管中PCB製品のどちらの大気中濃度への寄与も同程度であり、#126,#169は産業系発生源の寄与が使用・保管中製品と比べ非常に大きくなった。

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環境省のモニタリング調査によると大気PCB濃度は減少傾向にある。モニタリング調査は全国の定点約40箇所で夏期・冬期の年2回、PCB総量、同族体、異性体別(コプラナーPCB)に行われている。濃度減少の理由として、我々は保管中のPCB廃棄物の処理による廃棄物の減少の効果ではないかと考えている。そこで大気PCB濃度の温度依存性と経年変化についてパネルデータ分析を行った。本研究では固定効果モデルを用いて2006～2011年度のモニタリング調査パネルデータ分析を行った。温度依存性については１塩素化では低い結果となり、3～6塩素化では高い結果となった。1塩素化の排出量の大部分は産業系発生源が大部分を占め、3～6塩素化の排出量は保管廃棄物からの揮発等の影響が大きいと考えられ、この結果は各同族体の発生源の特徴を反映した結果となった。また経年変化についても温度依存性と同様な結果となった。

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我が国のインフラは高度経済成長期に作られた物が多く、老朽化対策が喫緊の課題である。ただし、建築当時（1960年代）の塗装が残っている場合があり、それにはPCBや鉛などの有害物質が含まれている恐れがある。昨年環境省から「低濃度PCB含有廃棄物に関する測定方法（第2版）」が公表され、塗膜の正確な含有量調査が可能となった。ガスクロマトグラフ/高分解能質量分析計（GC/HRMS）を用いて橋梁の廃塗膜中PCB濃度調査を実施した結果、比較的低濃度の橋梁が多く見られたことから、廃塗膜（塗料）においても絶縁油と同様に、PCBの汚染由来による検出が考えられる。このような場合、PCB含有廃棄物であるかどうかの判定がPCBの有無（添加の有無）ではなくなり、正確な定量評価が必要となる。そのため廃棄物を適正に処理する上で、測定下限の設定や採取方法は廃棄物の判定に大きな影響を与える要素と考えられる。

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医療関係機関等で医療行為に伴って排出される廃棄物は多種多様なものがあり、医療廃棄物専焼で助燃なしに安定した焼却は困難とされている。当社は多様な廃棄物に対応できる竪型ストーカ式焼却炉（バーチカル炉）を開発し、1994年に１号機を医療廃棄物処理用として京都大学医学部附属病院に建設し、その後も医療廃棄物用の焼却炉を国内外に納入している。この竪型ストーカ式焼却炉の概要と医療廃棄物焼却炉としての運転実績について報告する。

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中間貯蔵施設等における放射性セシウムを含む焼却飛灰の減容・安定化について検討した。 焼却飛灰に含まれる放射性セシウムは、溶出しやすいとされているが、今回試料として使用した稲わら燃焼由来の焼却灰では、放射性セシウムの溶出が少なかった。しかしながら、数回連続した溶出操作でも放射性セシウムの溶出が止まらなかったため、安定化の観点で、より溶出力の強い液体での処理を試みた。塩酸を使用して中性域に保持する処理法を試験したところ、固体側に保持される放射性セシウムが他の溶出成分より少なかったため、処理の放射性セシウム濃度が上昇する結果となった。溶出した放射性セシウムは、固形化プルシアンブルー製品を使用して、１，０００万Bq/kg程度まで濃縮できることがわかったので、今回使用した灰は、処理によって安定化を実現しつつ、容積を２０％にまで減少させることができることがわかった。

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¹³⁷Csは半減期が約30年と長い放射性物質であり、福島第一原発事故により多量に放出された。これまで水からのCsの除去についてはゼオライトやイオン会合体を用いた研究がある。一方、この事故により発生した廃棄物の種類や状態は様々であり、例として汚染土壌等からCsを脱着することも重要となる。本研究では、ゼオライトにCsを吸着させ、その後抽出剤を用いてCs脱着を行い、その効果を検討した。吸着実験により、A型ゼオライトのCs最大吸着量は270 mg/gと求められた。抽出剤としてSodium tetraphenyl
borate(NaTPB)を用いた際の最大Cs脱着率は7.4％、Sodium tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl) borate(NaTFPB)を用いた際は70.3％となった。脱着前後のX線回折結果からNaTFPBはゼオライトの構造を破壊することなく、Csを脱着することが示唆された。NaTFPBを用いることでCsを強く吸着する物質であるゼオライトからCsを脱着できたことから、他のCsを吸着している物質に対してもNaTFPBを用いることでその構造を破壊せずにCsを脱着できる可能性が示唆された。

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石膏紙を硫化水素発生源とする嫌気培養に酸化水銀を添加して水銀の不溶化試験を行った。結果、硫化水銀生成の他、メチル水銀の生成と水銀蒸気の発生が確認された。メチル水銀の生成を確認するため、石膏紙の嫌気培養で生成が確認された有機酸4種について、試薬の有機酸と酸化水銀の混合実験を行った。結果、全ての試料について水銀イオンの増加とメチル水銀の生成を確認した。一部の有機酸からはエチル水銀も生成した。次に、純水中の酸化水銀と水素、メタン等の可燃性ガスを接触させる実験を行ったところ、両試料において水銀蒸気が発生し、特に酸化水銀とメタンの接触では液中にメチル水銀が生成した。以上の結果から、メチル水銀の生成には培養中に生成する有機酸が関与し、また水銀蒸気の発生は培養中に発生する水素が関与しているものと考えられた。

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　熊本県内における水銀及び水銀含有製品の現況を調査した。調査は、事業所と家庭を対象に、アンケート調査を基本とし、必要に応じてヒアリング調査や立入調査を実施した。　
　その結果、熊本県内への水銀の流入量が約0.22ｔ/年、家庭における水銀存在量は約2.1ｔ、事業所の水銀存在量は約1.3ｔであった。家庭、事業所ともに水銀含有製品のうち水銀血圧計等の計測器が多くの割合を占めていた。事業所では、医療福祉機関と教育学習支援機関で半数以上を占めていた。廃棄量は約0.038ｔ/年であり、水銀を回収しない方法での処理も行われている状況にあった。
　調査結果から見えた課題は、水銀が何に使用されているか理解されていないこと。計測器の多くが使用されないまま保管が継続されていること。水銀を回収処理している事業者ごとに、水銀含有廃棄物からの水銀回収率に差があること。などがあげられた。

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子供用玩具は世界中で広く使用され、最も厳しく規制されている品目の一つである。しかし、規制が強まっている近年でも基準値を超える重金属が子供用玩具中に含まれているケースが明らかとなっている。総濃度による玩具のリスク評価は曝露経路や条件などが十分に考慮されておらず、リスクの過大評価・過小評価につながる可能性がある。そこで、本研究では、玩具の経口摂取を想定したバイオアクセシビリティ試験を通して、体循環への吸収可能性を含めたリスク評価を目的とした。日本およびベトナムの計72点の玩具を対象とし、代表的な玩具試料を選択・抽出した。その結果、胃小腸の模擬体液への溶出濃度がEU基準値を超え、かつパーツ全体の誤飲によるリスクを有する金属製玩具の存在が示された。網羅的かつ簡便な可搬型XRFによる濃度測定は、バイオアクセシビリティ試験への適用玩具をスクリーニングする方法として優れていると考えられた。

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四酸化オスミウムはプラスチックや生体など高分子物質を電子顕微鏡で観察する際の染色剤などとして多用されているがその処理方法は未だ確立されておらず、開発が望まれている。水素化ホウ素ナトリウムを用いて四酸化オスミウムを還元、沈殿させて回収する方法が既に報告されているが、本研究ではエタノールやアセトアルデヒドなどより取扱いの容易な還元剤を用いた四酸化オスミウム回収の可能性を検討した。四酸化オスミウム水溶液の濃度や還元剤の量などの条件を変化させて挙動を観察し、エタノールやアセトアルデヒドなどの還元剤でも沈殿を生成し、四酸化オスミウムを高効率で回収することが可能であることを実験的に確かめた。また酸性や塩基性条件、共存物の存在下でも実験を行ったが沈殿を生成せず、このような条件下ではオスミウムの除去が難しく、適切な前処理が必要であることが示唆された。

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著者らはこれまでの研究から、主灰中のCsが難溶性であるのは、主灰中の結晶粒子表面のガラス状非晶質相に封じ込められているためであることを各種の顕微鏡分析と溶出試験から明らかにした。しかし、Csを表面に捕捉した結晶粒子は何に由来するのか、元々被焼却物中に存在していたのか、燃焼の過程で被焼却物中の元素が反応して生じたのかは不明である。そこで、本研究では、このCsを特異的に表面に濃集させている結晶物質の由来を明らかにすることを試みた。試料に粘土等の無機材料、および有機物材料を用いた。炭酸Csを添加して燃焼させ、得られた灰について顕微鏡分析を行った。Csと親和性の高い粘土系の鉱物が結晶の由来であると期待されたが、粘土粒子はその粒径が小さく、Csの捕捉はあるものの既報の粒子とは異なっていた。ガラスの溶解部分にはCsは特異的に濃集した。また、有機物の燃焼であってもCsが特定の灰に濃集することを確認した。

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環境省は2011年8月に「災害廃棄物の広域処理の推進に係るガイドライン」を策定した。これにより、災害廃棄物のうち、木くず等の可燃物については焼却処理を行い、そのうち、放射性Cs濃度が8000Bq/kg以下の主灰に関しては、既存の一般廃棄物最終処分場(管理型)への埋立処分が可能となった。管理型の最終処分場では、安定化を早めるため準好気性の構造をとっており、雨水などの水が通りやすくなっている。放射性Csは非常に水に溶けやすい物質であることから、高濃度の放射性Csを含む主灰を処分場へ埋め立てると、埋立層内を浸透する水に溶けだすと考えられる。その後、溶けだした放射性Csが廃棄物層内を移動し、処分場外へ流出すると、周辺の環境が汚染される可能性がある。 本研究では、放射性Csと性質が似ている安定Csの濃度や化学形態を調べることにより廃棄物埋立層に賦存する安定Csの挙動の解明を研究目的としている。

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都市ごみ焼却飛灰において生成・濃縮する芳香族塩素化合物(ポリ塩化ジベンゾパラジオキシン類: PCDDs、ポリ塩化ジベンゾフラン類: PCDFs、ポリ塩化ビフェニル類: PCBs、クロロベンゼン類: CBzs)の抜本的な削減のためにその生成メカニズムの解明は重要である。本研究では飛灰中炭素源に着目し、その分子構造が芳香族塩素化合物の生成に与える影響をちょうさした。本研究では機能性炭素材料である炭素ナノ材料を用いて芳香族塩素化合物の再合成を想定した模擬実験を行うことで、炭素の分子構造による芳香族塩素化合物の生成影響評価を行った。また、炭素材料の比表面積、熱物性や加熱時の触媒との反応性を調査し、芳香族塩素化合物生成量との関係性を調査した。

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パーフルオロカーボン類（ＰＦＣ）は、炭素とフッ素から構成される化学物質であるため、不燃性で化学的に安定な性状であり、かつオゾン層破壊効果がないことから、フロン類の代替物質として利用されてきた。しかし一方では、温室効果（ＣＯ２の6,500～9,200倍）を有していることから、類似するハイドロフルオロカーボン類（ＨＦＣ）、六フッ化硫黄（ＳＦ６）と共に「京都議定書」における排出削減対象物質となっている。当社では、ＰＦＣ含有廃棄物を「ＰＦＣ破壊処理ガイドライン」に準拠し、産業廃棄物焼却施設（ロータリーキルン方式）での混焼によって破壊処理した。破壊処理時における「ＰＦＣ破壊処理ガイドライン」に係る要件はいずれも満足しており、最終排ガス中のＰＦＣ濃度は１ppm以下、かつ分解効率99%以上を確認した。

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下水処理場で行われている微生物を用いた排水処理法では除去が困難な医薬品物質が多く存在するため、医薬品が水環境中に排出され、水生生物に悪影響を与えることが懸念されている。そこで本研究では、フェントン酸化処理法に着目し、難生分解性微量医薬品物質について、物理化学的手法による分解除去を積極的に施した場合の除去特性を明らかにすることを目的とした。実験を行った結果、以下の結論を得た。難生分解性微量医薬品の分解に対してフェントン法が効果的であることを確認し、理論当量の25 %で難生分解性微量医薬品を3分以内にほぼ100 ％分解可能であった。理論当量の鉄イオンと過酸化水素を加えてもOHラジカルのスカベンジャー反応の影響により酸化によるTOC除去率は20 ％にとどまったが、その後の凝集操作により分解生成物が除去され、最終的なTOC除去率は約80 ％に達した。TOCの低減には酸化分解よりも凝集除去の寄与が大きいことが示された。

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本研究では，産業廃棄物処理における化学物質管理において特に着目すべき廃棄物種，処理方法，排出元の組合せを特定するために，PRTR届出移動量データを活用した廃棄物処理への化学物質移行の特徴整理を検討した。鉛化合物（物質番号305），トルエン（同300）を例とし，PRTR届出移動量データを集計整理によって化学物質移動量における主要な流れ（届出業種，処理方法，廃棄物の種類）を分析した。平成25年度の届出移動量については，鉛化合物は焼却・溶融や最終処分，トルエンは焼却・溶融が主要な移動先での処理方法であった。焼却・溶融への移動量を詳細に見ると，鉛化合物は鉄鋼業や非鉄金属製造業から排出される汚泥，トルエンは化学工業から排出される廃油の寄与が大きく，廃棄物処理における鉛化合物やトルエンの排出管理においては特にこれらの廃棄物に着目すべきであると考えられた。

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Developed countries are facing climate change problems. Also solid waste
is expected to gradually increase. Incineration of waste is one the main
strategy to handle the generated solid waste. In this study, the contribution
of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration in CO₂ emission has been
identified. Plastic waste observed to have contributed the total solid waste of
about 18.3%. But their contribution on CO₂ emission showed more than
91% of both urban and rural areas. Separation of plastic before incineration
expected to have a significant effect on CO₂ emission reduction. CO₂
emissions during incineration of biomass materials such as food waste or wood
is considered to be zero. Food or wood materials during incineration obtained
the lower heating value because of their high moisture content. Therefore, to
increase the efficiency of incineration process, to remove or use fuel as
biomass of these is necessary.  

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A chemical compounds called greenhouse-gas is defined and limited at operating incinerator to make energy from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Despite the diversity of the greenhouse gases that real exist to environment, many countries used a few chemical compounds as greenhouse-gas to make their policy rule, therefore, it need to analysis to another compounds that could led to increase temperate on planet. In study, we aimed to calculate GWP of H₂S as odorous that IPCC didn’t focused, from that result we prepare to enhanced greenhouse gas ranges upcoming and research MSW treatment capacity in incinerator at Jeollabuk-do and finally estimated that greenhouse effect of H₂S. First using FT-IR, we obtained radiative forcing and H₂S GWP from Elrod’s spreadsheet. After performing, we made equations related with functions to GWP, chemical H₂S characteristics, throughput by waste statistics of government. As a result, CO₂ emissions (ton/year) converted from H₂S is shown to range of 0.001 ~ 1.583 tCO₂eq at Jeollabuk-do. According to estimation, it is considered that greenhouse-gas effect as H₂S to be small compared with total CO₂ emissions from Jeonju-si (201,298 tCO₂eq) and Iksan-si (48,959 tCO₂eq) incinerator through “greenhouse gas inventory & research center of Korea”.

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Yeongsan River, located at jeollanam-do, is one of four major rivers in Korea, having four dams on the upper stream for water for agricultural use and thirteen tributaries on the main stream. Submerged weirs are installed in the streams to maintain its water level or to gather water for the agricultural use, but due to the growing awareness of ecological conservation, these weirs are being removed to restore streams to their natural forms.Weirs cause a number of environmental problems: the blocking of ecological corridors, the forming of stagnant water, and the deteriorating of water quality due to stream channel sediments. This study aims at measuring the water quality of upper and lower streams near by the submerged weirs in Gwangju of Korea. Resulting measurements indicated that BOD, COD, and SS tended to be lower in the lower stream than in the upper stream and that the submerged weirs had no influence on T-N and T-P. Before the removal of non-functional weirs for the sake of improving water quality and restoring ecological corridors, a stream management plan should be provided after thoroughly examining the weir's full effect on the ecosystem.Key words : Submerged Weir, Environmental problem, ecological corridor, water quality

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Food waste disposer has been tried again in S. Korea. We examined the background and the considerations for the application of disposer in S. Korea. There are three considerations; disposer performance, plumbing design, and the method of wastewater treatment. Existed demonstration projects have not considered solid recovery. So, government set a new regulation of recovering more 80% of input solid or draining less 20% of input solid. In present, individual use of disposer with solid recovery kit has been accepted in law, however, that people use it without solid recovery kit is a problem. It needs to be converted to the use of apartment-building level for appropriate management and monitoring. New some demonstration projects has started including solid recovery concept and recycling solids on site or in existed recycling plants. However, present regulation of solid recovery rate is too strict, and so it is necessary to modify to the reasonable level.

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Since 1990s, the amount of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in Korean increases because of rapid industrialization but most of MSW are treated by incineration and recycling recently for the shortage of Landfill. When the 1 tons of MSWI occur the fly ash (30~40 kg) and bottom ash (250~300 kg). Fly ash containing a large amount of dioxins and heavy metals is transported to the specified landfill as the designated waste, and bottom ash which has low hazardous materials relatively is moved to landfill or recycled. Worldwidely, researches related road packaging material or insulating material recycling bottom ash are progressing. And also many studies have used bottom ash as cement additives such as components of the clinker (lime/partial substitutes of clay), sand/gravel mixture of alternative substances, or inactive filler concrete. In Korea, the studies utilizing the ash have been actively performed for recycling bottom ash as bricks or aggregates. Specially, the main components of bottom ash are similar to those of the cement so that, the recycling bottom ash becomes important. The goal of this study is to provide an economical pre-processing and to arrange a basis data for bottom ash recycling in S city in order to reduce the amount of landfilling waste

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Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) is known as one of the most attractive method of waste treatment, which is to reduce the waste volume and avoid the landfill. The purpose of this study is to figure out the low heating value (LHV) and ash content of the MBT residue. The effect of the additional separation against the MBT residue on the reduction of landfill waste was also discussed. The MBT residue was sieved experimentally. The potential heat as LHV and ash content of the separated fractions of the residue were determined. LHV of all separated fraction were lower than the criteria (>17 MJ/kg) of Refuse derived fuel (RDF) for using cement industries. Ash content of all separated fractions were higher than the criteria (< 20%) of RDF. The results indicated that the sieved fractions could not be used as RDF directly. Fractions of 40mm, 20mm, 10mm on the sieve and 2mm passing the sieve could be used as fuel material by combining with RDF product. It was suggested that the additional separation against the MBT residue using 10mm mesh sieve was the most contribute to reduction of the landfill waste and increase of RDF production in this experimental condition.

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With International Minamata Convention on Mercury agreed in 2013, the chemical is gaining global concerns due to its persistence in the environment and negative effects on human health. Thus, it is important to properly manage mercury-containing products such as fluorescent lamps after use. In 2013, approximately 150 million units of mercury-containing fluorescent lamps were put on the market in Korea. However, only 42 million units of fluorescent lamps were collected and properly disposed in the same year. Often times, it is very difficult to determine the distribution channels and disposal pathway of fluorescent lamps. In this study, we studied mass flow of mercury in used fluorescent lamps that are regulated by the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system in Korea. Substance flow of mercury in the lamps was estimated by material flow analysis (MFA). The MFA methodology is an analytical method of quantifying flow and stocks of materials or substances in a well-defined system based on mass balance approach.

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PET bottles as a recyclable source have been collected separately by local governments in Japan. For efficient PET bottles recycling, the users are encouraged to complete cap removal, label removal, washing bottles and crushing bottles with respect to PET bottles.However, the quality of collected PET bottles is always bad because some of PET bottles are unwashed, caps and labels are not removed, and other wastes are mixed.The authors considered such bad quality was caused by psychological reasons. This means that the users feel unwillingness to do such recycle-friendly actions like cap removal and it discourage the users from completing the actions. The authors developed a new method to evaluate unwillingness which people feel when they complete recycle-friendly actions. In this paper, unwillingness of cap removal, label removal, bottle washing, bottle crushing, and their combined actions were reported.In conclusion,People feel stronger unwillingness when they complete several recycle-friendly actions together than one by one. Unwillingness of several actions shows accelerated increase rather than simple additivity of unwillingness. This psychological effect should be considered when PET bottle collection system, in particular requested actions to the people, is designed.

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Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is considered to be one of the serious environmental
and public health issues confronting local government units (LGU) in the Philippines. Daily waste generation in the country is estimated as 39,422 tonnes in 2015 and is expected to double by 2025 due to rapid urbanisation and economic growth. Related to this, the Republic Act (RA) 9003 (otherwise known as the Philippines Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000) was enacted providing an institutional framework and policy guidelines to create systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management (ESWM) programmes within LGUs. However, its implementation and compliance at the LGU level is still very limited and challenging even though more than a decade has passed since the law was enacted. Based on the experience of three case study cities, this paper demonstrates that policy formulation at the national government level does not necessarily guarantee its implementation at the LGU level. Effective implementation of RA 9003 is therefore dependent upon a degree of political commitment/leadership; supportive institutional/organisational framework and structures; technical and
financial capacity; development of strong partnerships among different stakeholders, and adequate incentives and enforcement systems. Thus, technical capacity, financial and incentive systems are recommended.

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Municipal solid waste incineration air pollution control (APC) residues contain high level of soluble salts (e.g. chlorides), heavy metals (e.g. Hg, Cd, Pb, etc.) and persistent organic pollutants (PHAs, dioxins, etc.) and, thus, they are considered as hazardous waste. Recent research on weathering or aging of fly ash has demonstrated that this treatment can possibly decrease the leaching of heavy metals, making it suitable for either landfilling or reusing. However, there are still several issues regarding this technology that need to be clarified, such as the optimum conditions for heavy metal immobilization and the mechanisms involved. Thus, this paper aims to report on the state of the art research on the weathering of APC residues that are currently available in the literature and discuss the topics that need to be addressed in the future.

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This study reports on the challenges to a model of resilient and adaptable SWM against flood in Asian tropical/pluvial countries, in order to adapt to frequent flood events that would be influenced by climate change. Collapse of Solid waste management by sudden natural disasters will directly lead to collapse of city. Here we have summarized some cases of flood waste handlings in tropical Asian cities that were attacked by flood disasters recently. Mega-scale city like Bangkok should have enough capacity to handle of flood waste though the inundation of some part of capital must be a considerable worst situation. In contrast, small and medium scale cities easily lost their ability to administrate under flooding situation if the prepared ness was not sufficient. Situation of "vulnerable" against to flood must be improved for quick recovery from disaster, and waste management systems is also expected to be more resilient. The goal of this study is to draw a scheme of guidance to improve or upgrade the solid waste management system in middle or small scale cities that leads the cities to be resilient against to flood.

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Organic and inorganic waste shall be separated by the generators in the model areas of source separation in Hanoi, Vietnam. This study aimed to monitor the current condition of source separation of organic waste discharged from households. We sampled the waste discharged from 558 households in the model areas of source separation and analyzed the physical composition of each sample to monitor whether citizens appropriately separated and discharged household waste in accordance with the guideline. Out of 558 households, 77 households (14%) disposed of waste separately into two types, 297 households (33%) disposed of mixed waste into green containers, and 184 households (53%) disposed of mixed waste into orange containers. About 42% by weight of inorganic waste was contained in the containers for organic waste collection. One-third of waste disposed of as organic waste by separators was an inorganic waste. More than a half of non-biodegradable waste by weight was disposed of by separators as organic waste, even though it was categorized as inorganic waste according to the rule of source separation.

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Over the last years, Palestine has suffered due to unstable political and economic situation, resulting in years of inadequate infrastructure investment and poor provision of public services to the people of Palestine. The provision of standards of the Joint Service Councils (JSCs) for solid waste management leads the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) to privatize some of infrastructure projects and public services in order to upgrade the level of services. Now, 54% of JSCs have already held some sort of public-private partnership (PPP) in the fields of waste collection & transportation, sanitary landfill operation, recyclables sorting, composting, and material recycling. Promotional and inhibiting factors for developing PPP is discussed.

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Waste generation and its management has become a niche spot in recent years. Rapid urbanization and population growth are the main responsible for very high increasing rate of waste generation in densely populated least developed countries. 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) is one of the best approach to minimize the amount of waste from generation to disposal. The main objective of this study is to create a better understanding and performance of 3R. This article also identifies the economic and business opportunities of 3R with the approach of circular economy addresses the effective resource utilization and its management. 

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The experimental procedure starts with selecting the company where wood pallet are the main products. In order to analyze the degree of oxidation of waste wood, TMS measurements used to analysis the oomponent.
As a result, waste wood is finally determined by using the previously obtained data and calcuated values were more than 99.9% for all samples. The obtained data through this study will be able us to develope a more consistent and reliable country-specific emission based on calculation methods.

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Synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite with large pore surface structures and modified with ethylenediamine (EDA) were used to achieve high CO₂ adsorption capacity from the gas stream. The effect of alkali earth metals, granite, bentonite and starch on the porosity and crystallinity of zeolite has been studied. The maximum amine adsorption in synthesized zeolite obtained was 450 mg/g of zeolite. The CO₂ capture process was investigated when the zeolite contained 70 %, 50 % and 10% of amine in the presence of 2 % and 5% water at the constant temperature of 75^oC. The highest CO₂ adsorption capacity obtained was 6.13 mmol/g of synthesized ZSM-5 containing 70% EDA and 5% water. During the adsorption experiment, no drawback caused by filling the surface pores of zeolite was observed which indicates larger internal channels and well distributed pores on the surface of synthesized zeolite. Following the adsorption, MW energy was used to remove the adsorbed CO₂ for the effective reuse of the adsorbents. Desorption efficiency reached 100% for the samples containing 70 % and 50 % EDA after 9 and 13 min of MW irritation, while the maximum desertion rate obtained was 60 % for the sample containing 10 % of EDA. 

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MSWI fly ash contain calcium so it can be use as feedstock of mineral carbonation. In this work, calcium carbonate production using MSWI fly ash as Ca source by indirect carbonation was investigated.

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CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is one of the best technology for carbon dioxide reduction. MEA (Monoethanolamine) is widely used absorbent in chemical absorption. We are trying to convert carbon dioxide into calcium carbonate using MEA absorbent and industrial waste which is desulfurization gypsum. The main objective of this research is to investigate possibility of calcium carbonate salts formation by converting carbon dioxide into ionic state and using metal cation extracted from desulfurization gypsum.

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An efficient collection and recycling system is a key for sustainable environmental management of electronic waste (e-waste). Over the last decade, several new waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management systems have been applied globally. However, many developing countries still face difficulties to establish a formal e-waste collection and recycling system. In this study, we compare four different WEEE recycling systems in East Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan). Their background of the implementation, stakeholders’ responsibilities, outcome of related policies and programs and future development of each system were analyzed. Data from each system (collection rate, per capita collection rate, and material recovery rate etc.) was used for evaluating their system performance. Our preliminary result shows that Taiwan and Japanese home appliance recycling system have high collection rate of large home appliances while the Korean system has a high collection rate for small appliances. Because of the low collection rate of Japanese PC recycling system, it needs system reform to establish incentive mechanisms for producers to collect more end-of-life PCs. The common difficulty associated with the implementation is to organize efficient collection and organize a system separately from the conventional waste management system including the competition against the informal sector.

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In recent decades, remarkable development in field of electronic industry has arisen needs of light-weight, portable design. Occurrence of the electronic devices is strongly associated with development and enhancement of batteries. Batteries are generally categorized into primary (non-chargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) forms. Primary batteries include alkalis-manganese battery, mercury battery, lithium battery, and others. In Korea, used batteries such as lithium battery, Ni-Cd battery, and silver oxide cell have been managed by the extended producer responsibility (EPR) policy since 2003, while in 2008 manganese battery, alkaline manganese cell, and Ni-MH battery were included to stimulate recycling of the waste from consumers and to simultaneously reduce of their negative effects on the environment. This study presents current recycling and management practices of used batteries, especially focusing on material flow, recycling processes, and physical and financial responsibility of used batteries in Korea. The data required for this study was collected from literature review, statistical data provided by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE), discussion with the experts, survey and field visits to the local government and recycling facilities.

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Recently environmental pollution and resource depletion have been rapidly progressing all around the world. Construction Industries are becoming the cause of improvement of environmental loads as they discharge large amount of construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) and consume heavy resource compared with other industries. Since the mid-1990s, C&D waste materials have been rapidly increasing due to the revitalization of reconstruction, redevelopment and development of new urbanization in Korea. Thus, various studies have attempted to establish the proper C&D waste management plan. C&D waste materials are typically separated by their characteristics and recycled as a priority treatment method in accordance with government treatment guidelines. According to the Korea Ministry of Environment (Korea MOE) statistics, recycling rate of construction was 97.5% in 2013. However, the recycling rate presented by statistics of the Korea MOE is calculated by the amount of waste incoming to a recycling facility, not actual recycling rate after the recycling processes. In order to understand the actual recycling rate of C&D waste at the national level, it is important to examine the processes of C&D waste recycling facilities and determine mass flow through material flow analysis (MFA).

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This study aims to recycle FA as a soil amendment material to improve water holding capacity of the soil, which might solve both FA management problem and desertification problem at the same time. The authors investigated the effect of raw coal fly ash amendment on water holding capacity (WHC) of decomposed granite soil (DGS) and akatama soil (AS). Soil particle size dependency of FA amending effect was focused on. Drying experiments were conducted at room temperature and 40 ºC. The weights of the samples were measured every hour to monitor water retention. The experiments were repeated three times to check experimental errors. One-sided Welch's t-test with 5% significance level was used to check the significant differences in data. The results showed that the relationship between the particle size and WHC was non-linear. Highest WHC appeared in certain range of particle size and it depended on soil type. WHC of both pure soils and FA-amended soils have size dependency. In some cases, WHC differences among different size ranges are regarded as statistically significant by Welch’s t-test. In addition, the size dependency of WHC also depends on the temperature.  

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The raw eggs do not corrupt at room temperature due to the function of the eggshell membrane (ESM) for a few days unless you crack it. Focusing this functionality, we tried the application to maintain quality of the other food. In this study, we found a novel function as the food additive which can inhibit coloration degradation that occur due to the deterioration of the processed food.
We used Avocado because its deterioration from the enzymatic browning due to tyrosinase is fast. It is consist of two experiments. First, the surface of the pulps were covered with ESM, and then the degradation tendency was visually observed. As a result, the ESM showed ability of controlling coloration and deterioration of it Avocado. Next, using the known characteristics of ESM’s adsorption properties, a water-soluble organic pigment was adsorbed into an ESM and performed the similar examination. In consequence t, the effects of adsorbed organic pigments and ESM functioned synergistically and inhibited the browning of the food. To clarify the reasons behind this result, enzyme activity test regarding ESM’s component, using tyrosinase was conducted and clear activity inhibition was confirmed.
As a conclusion, it was confirmed that ESM has three abilities, which are adsorbing melanin, storing and releasing adsorbed additives, and ability of indicating components eluted in water. The inhibition of coloration degradation is ascribed to these fused three functions.These functionalities are not only in the preservation of food’s quality, but it also was thought can be applied as a low toxicity supplement that can contribute to the cosmetics.

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Copper-basedcommunication cables have been widely used worldwide in sound signal
transmission and (ultrahigh speed) internet communication services by the major
Korean domestic and international cable manufacturers.  With depreciation of the copper-based
communication cables they are being replaced with fiber optics communication
cables and the waste copper-based communication cables are accumulating in
Korea, totaling approximately 10000 tons in 2008 including more than 6500 tons
of jelly-filled cable waste¹⁾.  High purity copper comprises more than 70% by
weight of the waste jelly cable and the recyclable quantity of copper therefrom
is estimated to be 4000 tons per annum.  Copper nano-powders are highly regarded as
functional materials for optical,catalytic, electrical and electronic applications owing to
their excellent electrical and thermal conductivities²⁾.  In the present study, a novel process
for wire explosion in oleic acid has been studied for fabrication of nano-sized
copper powders without particle agglomeration, formation of oxides and carbides.

 

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This study focus on the effect of surface structure on synthesized zeolite on the ammonia and sulfur compounds adsorption performance. Three type of zeolite with different physical and chemical characteristics has been used in this study. Experimental result showed the maximum ammonia adsorption capacity of the synthesis obtained as 0.383g/g while sulfur compound (mercaptan) showed the maximum adsorption of 0.271 g/g. Furthermore, microwave with power up to 500W was used to remove the pollutants from zeolites. Quick desorption (15min) has obtained for both ammonia and mercaptan from the zeolite structure. The results showed that the studied zeolites had high adsorption rate and fast desorption performance.     

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Bioenergy is one of the most promising energy among alternative and renewable energies. Bioenergy is the carbon neutral and sustainable energy. Fast pyrolysis process is performed about 500 celsius without oxygen. And it needs very short vapor residence time less than two seconds. In the process, rapid quenching of volatiles is very important for the pyrolyzed oil yield and quality. Hence, in the present study, fast pyrolysis of biomass was performed with respect to reaction temperature in a rectangular bubbling fluidized bed. And the comparison between two types of condensers was investigated. From the results, Geodae-Uksae 1 has potential as an alternative energy source.

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Pyrolysis is a thermochemical conversion technology to produce bio-char, bio-oil and bio-gas through the thermal decomposition of biomass under anoxic conditions. The aim of this study is investigated producing the bio-oil, bio-char, and non-condensable gas from lignocellulosic biomass via slow pyrolysis at different temperatures. Chemical composition of bio-oil is analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Bio-char, the residue of pyrolysis, was mainlyconverted to activated carbon. Activated carbon is used for purification of wastewater and removal of air pollutants.

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The amount of food waste in Korea is increasing every year. Despite food waste contain a large amount of valuable organic resources, its recycling is low because of high moisture contents and sodium.
In this study, biochar was produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) that is one of the thermal decomposition methods. HTC is a method of carbonization with water-containing of biomass in a completely sealed reactor. So, It is advantageous process for treatment of food waste in Korea. At this moment, the bio-char produced in the hydrothermal carbonization reactor of pilot scale, was studied whether or not in the grinding of the food waste.

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