Negative ion based neutral beam injector is one of the most attractive heating system in future fusion reactors. In realizing the system, the crucial device which has to be developed is a high intensity negative ion source. Significant progress has been made on the negative ion source in these years. Among them, a few ampere negative ion beam were produced stably, while the divergence of negative ion beams becomes to be as low as<10 mrad. We consider these results are demonstrating the potential of the negative ion source for the heating device in future reactors.
The theory and observations of solar flares are reviewed with emphasis on particle acceleration. Hard X-ray and γ-ray measurements of solar flares have revealed that the acceleration of particles to relativistic energies can occur promptly (within-1s). This can be explained by the theory of resonant particle acceleration in a large-amplitude magnetosonic wave. Some models of magnetic reconnection and loop-loop interactions are also discussed which are believed to play an essential role in initiating the flare and/or releasing the magnetic energy.
Three dimensional MHD simulation of helical system are studied. As the initial equilibria, the results of the BETA computational code are used which are described by the magnetic coordinate system. In the simulation code, this coordinate system is fixed in space and is independent of the time. Simulation results without perturbation are presented in order to check the program and the numerical instabilities.