KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU
Online ISSN : 1881-5685
Print ISSN : 0386-2186
ISSN-L : 0386-2186
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Volume 67, Issue 9
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Review Articles
  • Polymeric Monolith —New Fabrication Methods and Applications—
    Hiroshi UYAMA
    Article type: Review Article
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 489-496
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.489
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    Monolith, a three-dimensional nanoporous material having a continuous interconnected pore structure in a single piece, has received much attention as a new type of a functional porous material. Monolith may be used as chromatographic separation medium, ion exchange resin, and catalyst support due to its large permeability, fast mass transfer performance, high stability and ease of chemical modification. This review deals with fabrication and applications of polymeric monolith. Most of the polymeric monoliths were fabricated by the polymerization of monomers with crosslinking agents, in which the precise control of the gelation process and phase separation rate is required. Recently, polymeric monoliths were fabricated by the phase separation of polymer solution. Bioplastic and carbon monoliths were developed by this new method. A micropatterned structure on the polymer surface was fabricated by the phase separation induced by soaking in a solvent.
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Original Papers
  • Application of Biomass-Derived Lignophenol to Epoxy Resins
    Shohei TSUDA, Toshiyuki OYAMA, Akio TAKAHASHI, Yoshiaki OKABE, Hiroyuk ...
    Article type: Original Paper
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 497-505
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.497
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    An epoxidized lignophenol (ELP) was synthesized by a two-step reaction from a lignophenol (LP) as the starting material. The reaction of LP with epichlorohydrin was carried out in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, tetrabutylammonium bromide, at 90°C without alkaline reagent, followed by epoxidation with aq. NaOH solution. Epoxy groups in ELP were found to react with phenolic OH groups of coniferyl alcohol as a model compound of LP, which was used as a curing agent in this study. Direct curing of ELP with LP resulted in heterogeneous cured resins, and therefore, petrochemical epoxy resins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) and 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3′,4′-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (ECEC) were used with ELP in order to improve the fluidity of the systems. Epoxy resins that mixed ELP with DGEBA or ECEC were cured with LP by heating up to 180°C in the presence of imidazole derivative (2E4MZ-CN); these afforded ELBL and ELCL as novel thermosetting resins. The ELBL and ELCL showed well-balanced thermal and mechanical properties. Especially, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the ELCL(70) , which included 30 wt% of ECEC as the epoxy resin where the total amount of LP element was 82 wt%, was 219°C. This value was 85°C higher than that of the conventional phenol novolac-cured DGEBA. These results demonstrated that LP was a promising biomass material for thermosetting resins.
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  • Development of Two-Layer Resist Technology for the Halftone Mask
    Masashi YAMAMOTO, Hiroki KATO, Akihiko KONO, Hideo HORIBE
    Article type: Original Paper
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 506-510
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.506
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    A halftone mask was used in a lithography process to reduce the number of steps required in semiconductor device manufacturing. Resist patterns with different film thicknesses were produced at same time using the halftone mask. When the halftone mask is used, the resist is exposed in the area where the sensitivity curve rises. Therefore, it is difficult to make the resist films with thicknesses of several tens of percent. Previously, we fabricated the three layer structure by inserting an intermediate layer composed of a water-soluble polymer between the two resist layers with different sensitivity. We realized that the film thickness of several tens of percent was obtained stably with only the lower layer resist remaining. However, three layer structure is not expected to much reduce the number of steps in lithography process because the coating repeated for three times is needed for fabrication of three layer structure. In this study, we demonstrated a two-layer coating without mixing using two kinds of i-line resist (hydrophilic negative-tone water-soluble resist and hydrophobic negative-tone chemical amplification resist) with different solubility values. Both were dissolvable into an alkaline developer. We thus accomplished a novel two-layer resist technology for the halftone mask.
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  • Thermal History Evaluation of Poly(butylene terephthalate) by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
    Norio MANABE, Hiroaki MINAMI, Masanao ISHIKAWA, Hirohisa YOSHIDA
    Article type: Original Paper
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 511-515
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.511
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    A new method for thermal history evaluation of crystalline polymers was proposed. The on-set temperature and the peak top temperature of the small endothermic melting peak caused by annealing were determined by differential DSC curves. For PBT, the relationship between the on-set temperature and the annealing temperature, and the relationship between the peak top temperature and the annealing time at fixed annealing temperature showed good liner correlations. Therefore, the on-set and the peak top temperatures were reflecting the annealing temperature and the time, respectively.
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  • Thermochemical Reaction of Polystyrene-Silica Polymer Hybrids as a Reaction Field
    Takeru IWAMURA, Shu-ichi GOTO, Masato SAKAGUCHI, Yoshiki CHUJO
    Article type: Original Paper
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 516-520
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.516
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    We report a polymer reaction utilizing the internal environment of organic-inorganic polymer hybrids. Homogeneous polystyrene and silica polymer hybrids were prepared by in situ radical polymerization. Styrene monomer was introduced into a sol-gel reaction mixture of tetramethoxysilane and the polymerization was initiated by 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile), while the sol-gel reaction of tetramethoxysilane proceeded to form a silica. When the polymer hybrids were heated at 180°C, the polyene radicals were observed in the ESR spectrum. In the case of polystyrene-silica polymer hybrids, the spin concentration of polyene radicals was 7.54×1018 spins/g after heating at 180°C.
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  • Small Angle X-ray Scattering Study on Phase Transition Behavior from Crystalline-Amorphous Alternative Lamellar Structure to Gyroid Phase of Semicrystalline Block Copolymer Polybutadiene-block-Poly(ε-caprolactone)
    Hideaki TAKAGI, Yusuke SUGINO, Shigeo HARA, Katsuhiro YAMAMOTO, Shiger ...
    Article type: Original Paper
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 521-529
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.521
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    The phase transition from the crystalline-amorphous alternative lamellar structure (CA-LAM) to Gyroid (Gyr) in polybutadiene-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) was investigated using small angle X-ray scattering. It was found that the phase transition from CA-LAM to Gyr occurred via metastable structure. When the composition of crystalline component was close to the Gyr/hexagonally packed cylinder phase boundary in a phase diagram, the hexagonal structure was first observed as a intermediate structure. On the other hand, when the composition was close to the Gyr/lamellar phase boundary, the layer structure was first formed as an intermediate structure. These results indicate that the regularity of this intermediate structure was dependent on the composition of the crystalline component.
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  • Preparation and Characterization of Core-shell Polystyrene Particles Containing Red Pigments
    Yusaku SUENAGA, Naofumi ARITA
    Article type: Original Paper
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 530-536
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.530
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    Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents containing red pigments were obtained from condensed reactions between dithiobenzoic acid 4-(4-cyanopentanoic acid) ester (RAFT-A) and N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4-nitrophenylazo)aniline. Mono-dispersed polystyrenes with red pigments have been prepared by RAFT polymerization. The particle formation of mono-dispersed polystyrene was affected by the addition time of RAFT agents for dispersion polymerization in ethanol. We prepared 1.6 μm polystyrene particles with 5.5 wt% red pigments. Such red pigments, which are soluble to ethanol, are concentrated near the surfaces of polystyrene particles. Then the mono-dispersed polystyrene particles have good dispersion stability for ethanol, however, they do not disperse in water at all.
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Notes
  • Hydrolysis Resistance of Polylactic Acid Enhanced by Combined Use of Monocarbodiimide and Aromatic Polycarbodiimide
    Shukichi TANAKA, Masatoshi IJI
    Article type: Note
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 537-540
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.537
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    We have found that combined use of a monocarbodiimide (mono-CDI: bis-2,6-diisopropylphenylcarbodiimide) and an aromatic polycarbodiimide [aro-pCDI: poly(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylene-1,3-diisocyanate)] improves the hydrolysis resistance of polylactic acid (PLA). The hydrolysis time was evaluated by measuring molecular weights of PLA in the PLA compounds including carbodiimides under high temperature and humidity (80°C, 95%RH). When using representative carbodiimides including mono-CDI, aro-pCDI, and an aliphatic polycarbodiimide [ali-pCDI: poly(1,1′-dicyclo hexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate)], the hydrolysis time was not satisfactorily enhanced. On the other hand, when using mono-CDI and aro-pCDI at the same time, the hydrolysis time was improved remarkably; the molecular weight of PLA was kept for 600 h, while the original PLA hydrolyzed up in to 50 h. This is mainly due to effective binding of aro-pCDI with hydrolysis products of PLA, which resulted from capturing carboxyl end groups of PLA by mono-CDI.
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  • Synthesis of Poly(butylene succinate) Copolymer Including 2,5-Furandicarboxylate
    Akihiro OISHI, Hiroshi IIDA, Yoichi TAGUCHI
    Article type: Note
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 541-543
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.541
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    Poly(butylene succinate) copolymerized with 2,5-furandicarboxylate was produced from succinic acid, 1,4-butanediol and dibutyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate in the presence of titanium tetraisopropoxide. The molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, thermal properties and mechanical properties of these polymers were measured. Copolymers of high molecular weight were obtained when a small amount of dibutyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate was included, but the molecular weight decreased with increasing amount of dibutyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate. The reactivity of dibutyl ester of dibutyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate was low. The copolymer containing 1 mol% of 2,5-furandicarboxylate showed a break strain that reached 733%, though the number-average molecular weight and thermal properties of the copolymer were almost the same as those of the homopolymer.
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  • Sugar-Sensitive Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules Containing Insulin
    Katsuhiko SATO, Daisuke KODAMA, Yoshihiro ENDO, Kentaro YOSHIDA, Jun-i ...
    Article type: Note
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 544-548
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.544
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    Sugar-sensitive microcapsules containing insulin were prepared by a layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of alginic acid (AGA) and phenylboronic acid-modified poly(allylamine) (PBA-PAH) on the surface of a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) microparticle in which insulin had been embedded, followed by dissolution of the CaCO3 core. The microcapsules thus prepared were stable at pH 7.0-9.0. In the presence of 10-100 mM fructose or glucose, the release of insulin was significantly enhanced depending on solution pH and sugar concentration. The sugar-triggered release of insulin was explained on the basis of decomposition of the microcapsules, which in turn was caused by competitive binding of added sugar to the phenylboronic acid moieties in the LbL film.
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  • Preparation of Alginate Micro-Gel by High Pressure Water Method
    Yoshifumi MURATA, Yasuyuki SUZUKI, Takashi ISOBE, Kyoko KOFUJI, Susumu ...
    Article type: Note
    2010 Volume 67 Issue 9 Pages 549-552
    Published: 2010
    Released on J-STAGE: September 24, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1295/koron.67.549
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    Alginate micro-gel (AMG) containing a model compound, hydrocortisone (HC), was prepared by high pressure water method. The release profile of HC from AMG was then investigated. The mean particle size of AMG was less than 100 μm: the size was controllable by the pressure of water. HC incorporated in AMG was immediately dissolved in physiological saline; the dissolution profile was reproducible. These results suggest that AMG is potentially useful to improve the solubility of water-insoluble compounds.
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